<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">probener</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Известия высших учебных заведений. ПРОБЛЕМЫ ЭНЕРГЕТИКИ</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Power engineering: research, equipment, technology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1998-9903</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-5456</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Kazan State Power Engineering  University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.30724/1998-9903-2022-24-3-55-65</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">probener-2226</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКИЕ СИСТЕМЫ И КОМПЛЕКСЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ENERGY SYSTEMS AND COMPLEXES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Исследование влияния геометрии высокопористого ячеистого материала на значение энергетической эффективности</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Determination of the effect of the open cell foam material geometry on the value of energy efficiency</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4757-6387</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Соловьева</surname><given-names>О. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Soloveva</surname><given-names>O. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Соловьева Ольга Викторовна – канд. физ.-мат. наук, доцент кафедры «Энергообеспечение предприятий, строительство зданий и сооружений»</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Olga V. Soloveva</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">solovyeva.ov@kgeu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Соловьев</surname><given-names>С. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Solovev</surname><given-names>S. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Соловьев Сергей Анатольевич – канд. физ.-мат. наук, доцент кафедры «Инженерная кибернетика»</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergei A. Solovev</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ваньков</surname><given-names>Ю. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vankov</surname><given-names>Yu. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ваньков Юрий Витальевич – д-р техн. наук, зав. кафедрой «Промышленная теплоэнергетика и системы теплоснабжения»</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yuri V. Vankov</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ахметова</surname><given-names>И. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Akhmetova</surname><given-names>I. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ахметова Ирина Гареевна –д-р техн. наук, заведующий кафедрой «Экономика и организация производства»</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Irina G. Akhmetova</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шакурова</surname><given-names>Р. З.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shakurova</surname><given-names>R. Z.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шакурова Розалина Зуфаровна – аспирант</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Rozalina Z. Shakurova</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Талипова</surname><given-names>А. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Talipova</surname><given-names>A. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Талипова Азалия Радиковна – магистрант</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>AzaliaR. Talipova</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Казанский государственный энергетический университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Kazan State Power Engineering University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>14</day><month>06</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>24</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>55</fpage><lpage>69</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Соловьева О.В., Соловьев С.А., Ваньков Ю.В., Ахметова И.Г., Шакурова Р.З., Талипова А.Р., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Соловьева О.В., Соловьев С.А., Ваньков Ю.В., Ахметова И.Г., Шакурова Р.З., Талипова А.Р.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Soloveva O.V., Solovev S.A., Vankov Y.V., Akhmetova I.G., Shakurova R.Z., Talipova A.R.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.energyret.ru/jour/article/view/2226">https://www.energyret.ru/jour/article/view/2226</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>ЦЕЛЬ</title><p>ЦЕЛЬ. Повышение энергоэффективности высокопористых ячеистых материалов с различной геометрией (SC, BCC, FCC, DEM) и с различными пористостями среды(ε=0,7; ε=0,75; ε=0,8; ε=0,85; ε=0,9; ε=0,95) посредством численного моделирования. Определить влияние геометрии и пористости ячеистого материала на значения перепада давления, тепловой поток и показатель энергетической эффективности.</p></sec><sec><title>МЕТОДЫ</title><p>МЕТОДЫ. Численное моделирование проводилось в программном комплексе ANSYS Fluent v. 19.2. Геометрические модели пористых сред представляют собой наборы пересекающихся сфер с различной структурой упаковки: периодическая простая кубическая упаковка (SC), гранецентрированная кубическая упаковка (FCC), объемно-центрированная кубическая упаковка (BCC) и случайная структура, созданная методом дискретных элементов (DEM). Расчеты проводились при следующих скоростях потока воздуха: 0,01; 0,05; 0,25; 0,5; 0,75; 1; 1,25 м/с.</p></sec><sec><title>РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ</title><p>РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ. При скоростях потока воздуха 0,01 м/с и 0,05 м/с все исследуемые структуры демонстрируют близкие значения теплового потока. При значениях пористости ε=0,75; ε=0,8; ε=0,85 наибольшие значения теплового потока показала структура FCC, при пористостях ε=0,7;ε=0,9; ε=0,95 наибольший тепловой поток имела структура BCC. Это объясняется тем, что при соответствующих значениях пористости структура FCC или BCC имели наибольшую площадь поверхности, которая и обеспечивала большой тепловой поток. При пористостях среды ε=0,7 и ε=0,75 упаковки BCC и FCC показывают высокое значение перепадa давления. При пористостях среды ε=0,8 и ε=0,85наибольшее значение перепада давления соответствует упаковке ячеек FCC, а при пористостях ε=0,9 и ε=0,95 – упаковке BCC.</p></sec><sec><title>ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ</title><p>ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ. При максимальном значении пористости ε=0,95 упаковка ячеек BCC обеспечивает большее значение теплового потока по сравнению со структурой FCC. Упаковка SC имеет наименьшие значения теплового потока при всех исследуемых пористостях. Также упаковке SC соответствуют наименьшие значения перепада давления и, в связи с этим, наиболее высокие значения показателя энергетической эффективности.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>THE PURPOSE</title><p>THE PURPOSE. Improving the energy efficiency of open cell foam materials with different geometries (SC, BCC, FCC, DEM) and with different medium porosities (ε=0.7; ε=0.75; ε=0.8; ε=0.85; ε=0.9; ε=0.95) by numerical simulation. To determine the influence of the geometry and porosity of an open cell foam material on the values of pressure drop, heat flux and energy efficiency factor.</p></sec><sec><title>METHODS</title><p>METHODS .Numerical simulation was carried out using the ANSYS Fluent 19.2 software package. Geometric models of porous structures are sets of intersecting spheres with different packing structures: periodic Simple Cubic packing (SC), Face Centered Cubic packing (FCC), Body Centered Cubic packing (BCC), and random structure generated by the discrete element method (DEM).The calculations were carried out at the following air flow velocities: 0.01; 0.05; 0.25; 0.5; 0.75; 1; 1.25 m/s.</p></sec><sec><title>RESULTS</title><p>RESULTS. Atair flow velocities of 0.01 m/s and 0.05 m/s, all the studied structures show approximately the same heat flux. With porosity values ε=0.75; ε=0.8; ε=0.85 the highest values of heat flow were shown by the FCC structure, with porosity ε=0.7; ε=0.9; ε=0.95 the BCC structure had the highest heat flux. This is explained by the fact that, at the corresponding porosity values, the FCC or BCC structure had the largest surface area, which provided the largest heat flux. With the porosities of media ε=0.7 and ε=0.75, the BCC and FCC cell packages show a high pressure drop. With the porosities of media ε=0.8 and ε=0.85, the highest pressure drop corresponds to FCC cell packing, and for porosities ε=0.9 and ε=0.95, to BCC cell packing.</p></sec><sec><title>CONCLUSION</title><p>CONCLUSION. With equal high porosity, the BCC cell packing provides a higher value of heat flux than the FCC structure. The SC package has the lowest heat flux values for all studied porosities. The SC package also has the lowest pressure drop values and therefore the highest energy efficiency values.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>высокопористый ячеистый материал</kwd><kwd>теплообмен</kwd><kwd>энергоэффективность</kwd><kwd>численное моделирование</kwd><kwd>тепловой поток</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>open cell foam material</kwd><kwd>heat transfer</kwd><kwd>energy efficiency</kwd><kwd>numerical simulation</kwd><kwd>heat flux</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">RydalinaN., AntonovaE., AkhmetovaI., etal. Analysis of the Efficiency of Using Heat Exchangers with Porous Inserts in Heat and Gas Supply Systems // Energies. 2020. Vol. 13, N22. pp. 1-13.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rydalina N, Antonova E, Akhmetova I, et al. Analysis of the Efficiency of Using Heat Exchangers with Porous Inserts in Heat and Gas Supply Systems. Energies. 2020; 13(22):1-13. doi: 10.3390/en13225854</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kim J., Sibilli T., Ha M.Y., et al. Compound porous media model for simulation of flat top U-tube compact heat exchanger // International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 2019.Vol. 138. pp. 1029-1041.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kim J,Sibilli T, Ha M Y,et al. Compound porous media model for simulation of flat top U-tube compact heat exchanger. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 2019; 138: 1029-1041. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2019.04.116.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li Z., Ding Y., Liao Q., et al. An approach based on the porous media model for numerical simulation of 3D finned-tubes heat exchanger // International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 2021. Vol. 173. pp. 1-12.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li Z, Ding Y, Liao Q, et al. An approach based on the porous media model for numerical simulation of 3D finned-tubes heat exchanger. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 2021; 173:1-12. doi: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2021.121226</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jayan N., Bhatlu M., Sukanya K., et al. Heat transfer augmentation approach in double pipe heat exchanger // Journal of Critical Reviews. 2020. Vol. 7, N7. pp. 791-794.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jayan N, Bhatlu M, Sukanya K, et al. Heat transfer augmentation approach in double pipe heat exchanger. Journal of Critical Reviews. 2020; 7(7): 791-794. doi:10.1007/s00231-016-1838-x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Souayeh B., Hdhiri N. Mixed convective heat transfer and heat generation simulation in lid-driven enclosure filled with porous medium // International Journal of Modern Physics C. 2021. Vol. 32, N8. pp.2150106.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Souayeh B, Hdhiri N. Mixed convective heat transfer and heat generation simulation in lid-driven enclosure filled with porous medium. International Journal of Modern Physics C. 2021; 32(8): 2150106. doi:10.1142/S0129183121501060</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rashidi S., Kashefi M. H., Kim K. C., et al. Potentials of porous materials for energy management in heat exchangers–A comprehensive review // Applied energy. 2019. Vol. 243. pp. 206-232.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rashidi S, Kashefi M H, Kim K C, et al. Potentials of porous materials for energy management in heat exchangers–A comprehensive review. Applied energy. 2019; 243:206-232. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.03.200</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rashidi S., Hormozi F., Doranehgard M. H. Abilities of porous materials for energy saving in advanced thermal systems // Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry. 2021. Vol. 143, N3. pp. 2437-2452.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rashidi S, Hormozi F, Doranehgard M H. Abilities of porous materials for energy saving in advanced thermal systems. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry. 2021; 143(3):2437-2452. doi:10.1007/s10973-020-09880-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Puchor T., Lenhard R., Malcho M., et al. Heat transfer distribution inside porous media as replacement for finned heat exchanger // AIP Conference Proceedings. – AIP Publishing LLC. 2019. Vol. 2118, N1. pp.1-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Puchor T, Lenhard R, Malcho M, et al. Heat transfer distribution inside porous media as replacement for finned heat exchanger. AIP Conference Proceedings. – AIP Publishing LLC. 2019; 2118(1): 1-8. doi:10.1063/1.5114766</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhao C. Y. Review on thermal transport in high porosity cellular metal foams with open cells // International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 2012. Vol. 55, N13-14. pp. 3618-3632.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhao C Y. Review on thermal transport in high porosity cellular metal foams with open cells. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 2012; 55(13-14): 3618-3632. doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2012.03.017</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yang H., Li Y., Ma B., et al. Review and a Theoretical Approach on Pressure Drop Correlations of Flow through Open-Cell Metal Foam // Materials. 2021. Vol. 14, N12. pp. 1-18.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yang H, Li Y, Ma B, et al. Review and a Theoretical Approach on Pressure Drop Correlations of Flow through Open-Cell Metal Foam. Materials. 2021; 14(12): 1-18. doi:10.3390/ma14123153</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">August A., Nestler B. About the surface area to volume relations of open cell foams // Engineering Research Express. 2020. Vol. 2, N1. pp. 1-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">August A, Nestler B. About the surface area to volume relations of open cell foams. Engineering Research Express. 2020; 2(1): 1-9. doi:10.1088/2631-8695/ab6ac6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bose J. R., Manova S., Asirvatham L. G., et al. Comprehensive case study on heat transfer enhancement using micro pore metal foams: From solar collectors to thermo electric generator applications // Case Studies in Thermal Engineering. 2021. Vol. 27. pp. 101333.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bose J R, Manova S, Asirvatham L G, et al. Comprehensive case study on heat transfer enhancement using micro pore metal foams: From solar collectors to thermo electric generator applications. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering. 2021; 27:101333. doi:10.1016/j.csite.2021.101333</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Соловьева О.В., Яфизов Р.Р., Соловьев С.А. Определение эффективной длины пористой структуры при конвективном теплообмене // Вестник Казанского государственного энергетического университета. 2020. Т. 12. № 3(47). С. 113-122.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Soloveva O.V., Yafizov R.R., Solovev S.A. The porous structure effective thickness determination in the case of convective heat exchange. Kazan State Power Engineering University Bulletin. 2020; 12(3):113-122.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Соловьева О.В., Соловьев С.А., Талипова А.Р., и др. Исследование влияния пористости волокнистого материала на значение энергетической эффективности // Вестник Казанского государственного энергетического университета. 2022. Т. 14. № 1(53). С. 56-64.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Soloveva O.V., Solovev S.A., Talipova A.R., et al. Study of the influence of the porosity of a fibrous material on the energy efficiency value. Kazan State Power Engineering University Bulletin. 2022; 14(1):56-64.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rydalina N., Stepanov O., Antonova E. The use of porous metals in the design of heat exchangers to increase the intensity of heat exchange // E3S Web of Conferences. EDP Sciences. 2020. Vol. 178. pp. 1-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rydalina N, Stepanov O, Antonova E. The use of porous metals in the design of heat exchangers to increase the intensity of heat exchange. E3S Web of Conferences. – EDP Sciences. 2020; 178:1-5. doi:10.1051/e3sconf/202017801026</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ahmed H. E., Fadhil O. T., Salih W. A. Heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics of tubular channel partially filled with grooved metal foams // International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer. 2019. Vol. 108. pp. 1-14.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ahmed H E, Fadhil O T, Salih W A. Heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics of tubular channel partially filled with grooved metal foams. International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer. 2019; 108:1-14. doi:10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2019.104336</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baragh S., Shokouhmand H., Ajarostaghi S. S. M., et al. An experimental investigation on forced convection heat transfer of single-phase flow in a channel with different arrangements of porous media // International Journal of Thermal Sciences. 2018. Vol. 134. pp. 370-379.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baragh S, Shokouhmand H, Ajarostaghi S S M, et al. An experimental investigation on forced convection heat transfer of single-phase flow in a channel with different arrangements of porous media. International Journal of Thermal Sciences. 2018; 134:370-379. doi:10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2018.04.030</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baragh S., Shokouhmand H., Ajarostaghi S. S. M. Experiments on mist flow and heat transfer in a tube fitted with porous media // International Journal of Thermal Sciences. 2019. Vol. 137. pp. 388-398.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baragh S, Shokouhmand H, Ajarostaghi S S M. Experiments on mist flow and heat transfer in a tube fitted with porous media. International Journal of Thermal Sciences. 2019; 137:388-398. doi:10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2018.11.030</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nilpueng K., Asirvatham L. G., Dalkılıç A. S., et al. Heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics in a plate heat exchanger filled with copper foam // Heat and Mass Transfer. 2020. Vol. 56, N12. pp. 3261-3271.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nilpueng K, Asirvatham L G, Dalkılıç A S, et al. Heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics in a plate heat exchanger filled with copper foam. Heat and Mass Transfer. 2020; 56(12):3261-3271. doi:10.1007/s00231-020-02921-x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Buonomo B., di Pasqua A., Manca O., et al. Evaluation of thermal and fluid dynamic performance parameters in aluminum foam compact heat exchangers // Applied Thermal Engineering. 2020. Vol. 176. pp. 1-14.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Buonomo B, di Pasqua A, Manca O, et al. Evaluation of thermal and fluid dynamic performance parameters in aluminum foam compact heat exchangers. Applied Thermal Engineering. 2020; 176:1-14. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.115456</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu X, Zhang S, Zhou Z, et al. Study on structure optimization of heat exchanger and evaluation index of heat transfer performance // Huagong Xuebao/CIESC Journal. 2020. Vol. 71, NS1. pp. 98-105.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu X, Zhang S, Zhou Z, et al. Study on structure optimization of heat exchanger and evaluation index of heat transfer performance. HuagongXuebao/CIESC Journal. 2020; 71(S1):98-105. doi: 10.11949/0438-1157.20191189</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Banhart J. Manufacture, characterisation and application of cellular metals and metal foams // Progress in materials science. 2001. Vol. 46, N6. pp. 559-632.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Banhart J. Manufacture, characterisation and application of cellular metals and metal foams. Progress in materials science. 2001; 46(6):559-632. doi:10.1016/S0079-6425(00)00002-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hossain M. S., Shabani B. Air flow through confined metal foam passage: Experimental investigation and mathematical modelling //Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science. 2018. Vol. 99. pp. 13-25.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hossain M. S., Shabani B. Air flow through confined metal foam passage: Experimental investigation and mathematical modelling. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science. 2018;99:13-25.doi:10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2018.07.018</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бажан П.И., Каневец Г.Е., Селиверстов В.М. Справочник по теплообменным аппаратам. М.: Машиностроение, 1989. 200 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bazhan P I, Kanevets G E, Seliverstov V M. Spravochnik po teploobmennym apparatam. Moscow: Mashinostroenie, 1989. (In Russ).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
