RELEVANCE. Ensuring the reliable and efficient operation of electrical equipment is critical to the functioning of various industries. Therefore, the development of methods and means for monitoring the technical condition of electrical systems is particularly relevant. The use of laser technologies in this context opens up new possibilities for non-destructive diagnostics and monitoring of equipment condition. The proposed simulation model of a synchronous motor in electrical systems will be based on modern software platforms enabling multiparameter modeling of electromagnetic, thermal, and mechanical processes occurring in electrical equipment. This will ensure a high degree of correspondence between the virtual model and the actual object and, consequently, the reliability of the testing results.

OBJECTIVE. The objective of the study is to develop a simulation model that will allow for varying the parameters of a synchronous motor to simulate various types of faults and deviations from the normal state, particularly for the bearing system.

METHODS. To accurately analyze the dynamic behavior of the bearing assemblies of a synchronous motor, part of an electrical system, we used the finite element method (FEM). This method allows us to discretize the complex geometry of the motor and account for material heterogeneity. This study utilizes the commercial COMSOL Multiphysics software package, which offers extensive capabilities for modeling solid-state mechanics and dynamics.

RESULTS: Creating a simulation model allows us to recreate the behavior of the bearing under various operating conditions and study its response to defects. This makes it possible to identify patterns describing the relationship between vibration parameters, acoustic signals, and the nature of damage. In this study, damage to the inner ring, defined as a small defect (1 mm deep) in the geometric model, resulted in a change in the oscillation frequency in all eight experiments, with the average value obtained being 133.84 Hz. In the case of damage to the outer ring, which is defined as a small chamfer (1 mm deep) in the geometric model, a change in the oscillation frequency occurred in all 8 experiments, and the average value obtained was 106.16 Hz. In the case of damage to the rolling elements, which is defined as a small defect (0.2 mm deep) of one ball in the geometric model, a change in the oscillation frequency occurred in all 8 experiments, and the average value obtained was 3.7908 Hz.

CONCLUSION. The results of the conducted studies show that the condition of the annular elements (outer and inner) has the greatest influence on the occurrence of vibrations in a bearing. Changes in the configuration of the surface layer of the outer and inner rings, such as the formation of minimal depressions (e.g., 1 mm deep), cause a sharp increase in vibration activity. It has been experimentally confirmed that the diagnosis and modeling of bearing wear and damage processes should pay special attention to the condition of the annular elements, since their degradation has a decisive impact on the overall performance of the mechanism. The development of an accurate simulation model capable of analyzing the degree of wear on rings and rolling elements will improve the efficiency of fault diagnostics and promptly identify potential problems affecting the reliability and durability of synchronous electric motor bearing assemblies.

The RELEVANCE of the present study is to develop a new approach to pipeline leak detection based on fractal analysis of acoustic signals. The proposed approach improves the reliability of leak detection by simplifying the interpretation of measurement results and eliminating errors in decision-making.

OBJECT. To study changes in the fractal structure of pipeline vibrations at different distances from the leak site.

METHODS. To analyze the acoustic signals, the methods of normalized range (R/S analysis) and detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) were used. Laboratory and field experiments were conducted on pipes made of different materials (polyethylene, polypropylene, metal-plastic, steel).

RESULTS. It was found that sealed pipelines are characterized by a high level of the Hurst exponent of acoustic signals. A decrease in this level indicates a leak. With increasing distance between the vibroacoustic sensor and the leak, the Hurst exponent of the recorded signals increases linearly.

CONCLUSION. Experimental studies confirm the feasibility of monitoring pipeline leaks by analyzing the Hurst exponent of acoustic signals. When monitoring a suspected leak section of a pipeline, it is recommended to install multiple sensors. The signal with the lowest Hurst exponent value will be recorded by the sensor located closest to the leak source.

OBJECT. High-voltage overhead power lines (HVOPL) are the most vulnerable objects in the path of electrical energy system. Damage to HVOPL is the most common cause of disruptions in normal operation. For relay protection and automation (RPA) devices, one of the important functions is fault location (FL). Accurate fault location enables the restoration of normal operation in the shortest possible time and with minimal costs. The greatest influence on the accuracy of FL methods is exerted by random factors characterized by damage parameters. Existing one-end impedance-based fault location methods based are implemented under the assumption of resistivity of the resistance at the fault site. It is not applicable for ground faults, which are the most common type of damage on overhead transmission lines.

METHODS.  The article proposes a fault location (FL) algorithm based on solving Kirchhoff's voltage law equation for the closed loop using quadratic equations.

RESULTS. The proposed FL algorithm was tested on the simulation models of overhead transmission lines of the Nizhny Novgorod region. In all conducted tests, the algorithm demonstrated an error of no more than 1%.

CONCLUSIONS. The proposed one-end impedance-based fault location algorithm ensures robustness against the reactive component of the fault resistance. The high accuracy of the proposed method is confirmed by test results on simulation models. The algorithm is versatile and can be applied to both power lines with a grounded ground wire and lines without a grounded ground wire, regardless of the type of fault.

The RELEVANCE of this study is to develop a computer model for assessing and predicting the reliability parameters of power supply system circuits for facilities with 10/0.4 kV transformer substations.

METHODS: Reliability theory and probability theory methods were used in the research. The parameters of power supply circuits were modeled in Matlab/Simulink to study key reliability indicators (such as the circuit failure rate parameter (ωcircuit), mean time between failures (MTBF), probability of failure-free operation (P), and probability of failure (Q). Twelve computational experiments were conducted with varying initial parameters for circuits of various configurations.

RESULTS. The results of computational experiments using the developed model in Matlab/Simulink are presented. They were used to estimate the reliability parameters of power supply circuits – ωcircuit, TBF, P, and Q – with varying initial data.

CONCLUSION. The paper presents the results of modeling in Matlab/Simulink. The obtained results can be recommended for use in the design of power supply systems. Application of the developed model in the design and operation of power supply systems at facilities allows for the assessment of circuit reliability parameters and the management of the reliability of power supply to consumers while ensuring the efficient operation of electrical equipment.

RELEVANCE of this study stems from the methodological gap between the agrotechnical requirements for self-propelled modular platforms (drawbar pull, operating speed, mass) and the parameters necessary for designing traction electric motors using the finite element method (external speed characteristic (ESC), CPSR). Existing methods do not account for the specifics of individual electric drives and the modern possibilities of mass variation.

THE PURPOSE. To develop an algorithmic traction calculation methodology that transforms the initial agrotechnical parameters into a well-founded external speed characteristic of a traction electric motor for hybrid agricultural modular platforms with series transmission.

METHODS. The methodology is based on traction balance equations, classical tractor theory, and analysis of empirical dependencies. A key feature is the introduction and systematic consideration of the operational mass range coefficient and the overload capability coefficient, enabling a transition from discrete mass settings to a continuous range. The calculation includes determining the required power, efficiency (taking into account energy efficiency classes), reduction gear ratios, and constructing the desired external speed characteristic.

RESULTS. A family of external speed characteristics of traction electric motors was obtained, demonstrating the influence of varying parameters on the required Constant Power Speed Ratio (CPSR). It was found that increasing the design operating speed from 4 to 8 km/h with a fixed operational mass range coefficient of 1.66 reduces the required CPSR from 11.1 to 5.5. Based on the traction balance equations, a dimensionless complex for CPSR was derived, generalizing the influence of the speed factor, adhesion factor, ballasting factor, and overload factor. A strategy for unifying traction motors within a model series is substantiated: a single motor size covers the requirements of the entire series by software shifting of the base point on the ESC without recalculating the electromagnetic system.

CONCLUSIONS. The developed methodology bridges the methodological gap between mechanical and electromagnetic modeling, acting as a crucial link in a closed-loop digital design cycle. It enables the formulation of accurate technical specifications for designing electric machines, optimizes the traction motor design for real operating conditions with variable mass and dynamic loads, and significantly reduces iteration time between interrelated engineering disciplines.

RELEVANCE. Gas air-cooling units (ACU) with discrete control of fan electric drives are widely used in gas transportation facilities, but existing discrete control schemes are characterized by increased energy consumption and insufficient regulation accuracy. The lack of analytically substantiated criteria for assessing the thermal condition of ACU sections further reduces the efficiency of control when the heat exchange characteristics of the equipment deteriorate.

PURPOSE. Development of an analytically substantiated methodology for optimal discrete control of gas ACU fan electric drives, which ensures reduced energy consumption while maintaining the required cooling efficiency and temperature stability.

METHODS. Analytical methods of thermal engineering analysis, regression modeling of passport characteristics, and methods of optimizing the modes of multi-stage cooling systems were used.

RESULTS. An integral indicator of the thermal efficiency of multi-stage cooling systems has been obtained, and a criterion for assessing the thermal technical state of gas cooling towers has been proposed for use in fan drive control systems. A layer-by-layer fan activation principle has been developed, and a combined optimization criterion has been formulated that allows for the simultaneous consideration of energy savings and temperature stability. The possibility of reducing energy consumption without compromising thermal technical characteristics has been substantiated.

CONCLUSION. The proposed approach allows to increase the energy efficiency and adaptability of discrete control systems for electric drives of gas ACU fans and provides the possibility of implementation in existing gas cooling systems without hardware upgrades.  

RELEVANCE of the study is driven by the growing share of sensitive electrical loads in low-voltage distribution networks, where deep voltage sags and voltage distortions lead to stoppages of technological processes, abnormal operating modes of power electronics, and improper operation of coordinated protection devices. A Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) can restore the voltage waveform when these phenomena occur; however, during prolonged compensation under power-deficit conditions, the system may enter a limiting oscillatory mode. This disrupts the normal operation of protection devices and aggravates the transient response.

The AIM of the study is to develop a comprehensive approach to coordinating DVR control algorithms with the protection system by determining the system stability boundary and developing logic for a safe transition from the compensation mode to protective actions, taking into account the possibility of suppressing oscillations by tuning the compensator parameters.

METHODS include a mathematical model of the DVR and computer simulations in MATLAB Simulink for a series of deep voltage sags with parametric variation of the compensator to ensure system stabilization. Based on the data obtained on the compensation behavior, an additive interaction logic between the DVR and the selected protection systems is formulated for the primary and secondary system configurations.

RESULTS show that the derived relationships between the permissible compensation time and the sag depth and energy-storage parameters, as well as the identified indicators of approaching the limiting mode for different system tuning options, make it possible to eliminate the adverse effects of critical operating conditions when these findings are comprehensively implemented in the protection trip logic. At the same time, properly selected filtering parameters and other DVR subsystem settings can eliminate oscillatory processes.

CONCLUSION. The developed logic limits the negative impact of dynamic processes, generates a signal indicating an approach to the limiting mode, and initiates protective actions in advance before stability is lost. The obtained optimization results indicate the need for accurate calculation and proper selection of compensatory parameters, which makes it possible to ensure a fully controlled exit from the compensation mode, reduce oscillations and the risk of unintended protection trips, and thereby reduce the negative impact on the load.

RELEVANCE. In subordinate and field-oriented control of induction motor drives, rotor electromagnetic inertia is often treated implicitly. However, when the bandwidth of inner current loops is increased, rotor dynamics introduces a measurable delay and affects stability margins.

SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE. The study provides an experimental basis for validating inductionmachine dynamic models and for estimating an equivalent rotor time constant from oscillograms. OBJECT. To develop and validate a laboratory method for estimating rotor current delay with respect to a stator-side reference event using a short electronic marker.

METHODOLOGY. A rectangular pulse marker is injected into one stator phase. The marker is generated by an NE555 pulse generator and delivered through a TLP627(F) optocoupler, providing galvanic isolation. A digital oscilloscope with a differential probe records the marker on the 50 Hz waveform together with rotor current. The test is carried out in a locked-rotor condition (slip s=1).

RESULTS. The marker is reliably detected on top of the supply waveform. The measured phase delay between the stator reference and the rotor current response is about 40–45 degrees (2.2–2.5 ms at 50 Hz).

CONCLUSIONS. The electronic marker approach improves repeatability of rotor delay measurements and can be used for simulation validation and current-loop tuning that accounts for rotor electromagnetic inertia.

Object: This research aims to develop and validate a practical, low-cost methodology for the prompt technical condition assessment of electromechanical systems (EMS) during the startup transient. The primary goal is to enable binary classification ("satisfactory" or "unsatisfactory") of an EMS's state using vibration signals acquired solely via a smartphone's built-in accelerometer, facilitating widespread on-site screening without specialized equipment.

Methods: The diagnostic approach is based on recording triaxial vibration acceleration time histories during the startup of industrial asynchronous motors driving screw compressors and exhaust fans. Using a dedicated mobile application (AccelerometerMeter), measurements were taken in three orthogonal directions (axial, horizontal, vertical) relative to the motor housing. The methodology relies on relative and mutual comparison of the recorded signals, focusing on transient characteristics rather than absolute metric values. Results were benchmarked against conventional vibration analysis conducted with professional equipment according to ISO standards and post-maintenance teardown inspections.

Results: The analysis of startup vibration patterns successfully identified distinctive fault signatures. Key diagnostic indicators included anomalous peak amplitudes, sustained instability, and the presence of characteristic beats and shock impulses, particularly during star-delta switching. Empirical correlations were established between the spatial dominance of vibration (e.g., predominant axial vibration indicating misalignment, high vertical components suggesting foundation issues) and specific mechanical or electromagnetic faults. The smartphone-based method effectively differentiated between properly functioning systems and those with confirmed defects, such as bearing degradation or rotor imbalance, with conclusions corroborated by standard vibration severity assessments.

Conclusions: Utilizing a smartphone for vibration analysis during the startup transient proves to be a highly effective and accessible tool for preliminary condition monitoring and screening of electromechanical assets. It provides a viable means for early fault detection in field conditions, allowing maintenance personnel to prioritize equipment for further detailed investigation using advanced diagnostic techniques. The study confirms the high informational content of transient processes for diagnostics and establishes a foundation for a structured, two-level monitoring strategy: initial rapid screening with mobile devices followed by targeted expert analysis, thereby optimizing maintenance resources and enhancing operational reliability.

Unplanned overhead power line outages are typically associated with flashover of line insulation due to contamination and moisture. Powerful partial discharges on the insulation surface (SPD) can serve as a precursor to flashover. They can be detected by various remote methods: organoleptic (detection of discharges by visual and sound inspections), acoustic (ultrasonic signal recorders), electromagnetic (registration of emissions in the microwave and UHF ranges). The popularity of the introduction of optical methods of preventive control of equipment based on two fundamentally different physical principles is raising. Thermal imaging inspection of equipment radiation in the infrared (IR) region of the spectrum reveals local overheating of structural elements of equipment and is most effective for detecting defects in current-carrying parts and contact connections, cooling systems, etc. UV-inspection (UVI) is based on the detection of electrical discharge processes and it is most effective in detecting various kinds of defects in fittings and external insulating structures of high-voltage equipment. Solar-blind UV cameras are considered promising for the realization of UVI. However, the use of UV inspection for the assessment of external insulation contamination is still limited due to complex interpretation of inspection results and insufficient consideration of the influence of external factors and device settings. PURPOSE. To investigate the changes in the emission spectrum of the SPD with the change in the conductivity of the contamination layer at a constant value of the test voltage. Based on the research results, formulate principles for remote qualitative assessment of the contamination degree of external insulation of power lines and substation equipment based on a quantitative relationship. METHODS. High-voltage tests of insulators with different degrees of contamination in a fog chamber with registration of SPD by UV camera "Filin 6" with a special spectro-dispersing filter on the input lens were carried out to solve the set tasks. RESULTS. Designs of spectro-dispersing filters for lenticular and mirror-lens lenses are proposed. The spectral sensitivities of registration at joint operation of a spectrodispersing light filter and a multi-alkaline photocathode of an electron-optical converter were determined. Possible changes in transmittance windows for specific pollutants are suggested. The empirical dependence between the changes in the SPD emission spectrum and the conductivity of the surface contamination layer was obtained after processing the discharge emission patterns on the polymer post insulator. The developed methodology enables remote noninvasive qualitative assessment of contamination levels on high-voltage external insulation.

RELEVANCE. Industries such as power, oil and gas, chemical, pharmaceutical, and metallurgy use heat exchangers (HE). Their significant role in technological processes necessitates careful monitoring of their technical condition to prevent emergency situations.

THE PURPOSE. To examine the problems that arise during HE operation. To analyze existing diagnostic methods and identify their pros and cons. To propose a comprehensive HE diagnostic method that utilizes a combined analysis of thermal and hydraulic characteristics to detect corrosion deposits, coolant leaks, and transfers to another circuit. To determine the impact of deposits, coolant leaks, and transfers to another circuit on the temperature difference and hydraulic resistance of HE.

METHODS. To solve this problem, the Number of Transfer Units (NTU) method, the Darcy-Weisbach formula, and the Aspen Exchanger Design & Rating V12 software were used.

RESULTS. The developed mathematical model and calculations performed in Aspen Exchanger Design & Rating V12 showed that the presence of deposits increases the temperature difference and hydraulic resistance, while coolant leaks or transfers to another circuit reduce the temperature difference and hydraulic resistance.

CONCLUSION. A comprehensive analysis of the temperature and pressure characteristics during the operation of the thermal hydraulic system will enable diagnostics of its technical condition, and the resulting mathematical models will serve as an algorithmic basis for the creation of a real-time monitoring software and hardware system. Monitoring thermal hydraulic parameters will enable a transition from scheduled preventive maintenance to condition-based repairs, minimizing the risk of unexpected production shutdowns, reducing operating costs, and extending the equipment's service life.

The article discusses the theoretical and practical aspects of the application of trigeneration systems integrated with renewable energy sources intended for the power supply of data centers and other computing complexes. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the technical, energy and economic feasibility of using solar trigeneration systems to increase energy efficiency and sustainability of computing complexes. Using the example of an autonomous facility in Crimea, the possibility of simultaneous generation of electricity, heat and cold using solar photovoltaic panels, vacuum solar collectors and an absorption refrigerating machine is demonstrated. Research objectives: development of a mathematical model of a trigeneration system; assessment of the energy balance taking into account seasonal variability; determination of the optimal configuration of equipment; technical and economic analysis. Research methods: modeling of a photovoltaic subsystem, vacuum solar collectors, absorption bromistolithium refrigerating machine based on energy flow balance equations; calculation of payback period, internal rate of return, capital and operating costs. The article substantiates the expediency of introducing such systems in the southern regions of Russia and other territories with high levels of solar insolation. The key advantage of the described approach is the synergetic effect. The excess electricity from the photovoltaic panels is directed to an absorption machine that produces cold for air conditioning server rooms, which is critical for their operation. Thermal energy from solar collectors is used to cover household needs and maintain temperature conditions during the off-season. The intelligent control system ensures the priority use of "green" energy, and redundancy due to traditional networks is minimized. This allows not only to achieve a high degree of energy independence, but also to significantly reduce the carbon footprint of the facility. The results obtained: the integration of solar installations with an absorption lithium bromide refrigerating machine made it possible to reduce thermal energy losses by 66.1%, generate 8.2 MWh of cold per year, increase the autonomy of the facility from 68% to 89%, achieve a payback period of 4.3 years and an internal rate of return of 18.5%. Thus, the proposed solution is technologically and economically efficient, contributing to the sustainable development of energy-intensive digital infrastructures. 

RELEVANCE of the study is determined by the need to reduce the high energy costs of pumping natural gas through main gas pipelines, a significant portion of which is associated with overcoming hydraulic resistance in the process equipment of compressor stations (CS), in particular, in gas cooling units. PURPOSE. To model and evaluate the efficiency of an energy-saving technological solution - bypassing the gas cooling units using a bypass line - in order to reduce fuel gas consumption to drive the gas pumping unit.

METHODS. The process flow of natural gas at a typical compressor station was simulated using a software package for modeling technological processes. The model is based on the actual operating parameters and component composition of the gas provided by Gazprom Transgaz Kazan LLC. The Peng-Robinson equation of state was used for thermodynamic calculations. Two process flow diagrams were compared: the basic one (with gas passing through the GCU) and the alternative one (with gas cooling units bypassing).

RESULTS. The simulation results showed that bypassing the gas cooling units under given temperature conditions reduces the required compressor outlet pressure by 19 kPa. This leads to a reduction in the required compressor drive power from 11.93 MW to 11.80 MW. Accordingly, the fuel gas mass flow rate decreases by approximately 0.00266 kg/s, which is equivalent to a savings of approximately 230 kg (or ~323 m³) of fuel gas per day.

CONCLUSION. It has been shown that even a small reduction in energy consumption due to hydraulic optimization can yield a significant economic benefit during long-term compressor station operation. Practical implementation of this solution requires the development of operating regulations taking into account permissible temperature ranges and gas flow rates, as well as the possible modernization of shut-off valves and automation equipment.

RELEVANCE. The thermal energy of a data center with an air-cooling system can be used, for example, to heat indoor air in winter. For this purpose, a heat exchanger can be installed, which transfers heat from the cooling system and uses it to heat the air, which then enters the building. A number of typical consumers of thermal energy from data centers are known: residential and office buildings, greenhouses. For example, Yandex opened a data center in a suburb of Helsinki in 2015. Thermal energy from the data center enters the heating system of residential buildings. At Facebook's data center in Lulea, Sweden, the heat generated by the servers is used to heat the air, which is then sent to Facebook's offices and neighboring buildings. In addition, the heat from the data center can be used to heat greenhouses and other agricultural facilities. In particular, in the Netherlands, heat from data centers is used to heat greenhouses where vegetables, flowers and other plants are grown.

THE PURPOSE. Simulation of the operating modes of a heat pump and an absorption refrigerating machine for the utilization of thermal energy in a data center.

METHODS. The simulation of the operating modes of a heat pump for the integration of a data center into a centralized heat supply system with the calculation of the heat balance and the determination of the coefficient of transformation of thermal energy, which is in the range of 3.4 - 4.5, depending on the design mode. Additionally, the simulation of the operating modes of an absorption refrigerating machine was carried out to cover the cooling load of the data center with the calculation of the thermal balance.

RESULTS. The constructed mathematical model is a model of a single heat pump, by combining which the level of coverage of the required heat output for the building will be achieved. The model is designed for the technological connection of a heat pump and a data center in the form of a "black box" concept, where the data center acts as a black box.

CONCLUSION. The integration of the heat pump into the thermal scheme of the data center is an urgent solution if the facility is located in the area of the district heating system. In turn, the use of absorption refrigerating machine with a cooling capacity of 2000 kW may have prospects, since groups of indoor chillers with a capacity of 2000 kW with external air condensers are used as a source of cold in typical data center refrigeration projects.

RELEVANCE of this work is due to the need to study the effect of the cone apex angle on the heat transfer efficiency by comparing several variants of coil-type heat exchangers (HE) of the "pipe in pipe" type. PURPOSE. To determine the degree of influence of the angle at the cone apex on the thermohydrodynamic efficiency of heat exchangers based on spring-twisted channel.

METHODS. The calculations of the conical coil HE was performed based on theoretical research and the solution of the conjugate heat transfer problem.

RESULTS. The maximum temperature value of the heated coolant was recorded for the cylindrical HE and was 53.44 °C. At angles ranging from 0 to 50°, the temperature difference was 5.12 °C (9.6%), while the cylindrical HE was 32.3% longer. The element's length was reduced by 14% when the angle was changed from 30 to 50°. The advantage of conical HE is confirmed by a higher value of the Kirpichev factor — 17,92 against 15,70 for cylindrical analogues. Replacing a smooth pipe with a spring-twisted channel allows you to obtain a final temperature of the heated coolant of 61.3 °C, which exceeds the base indicator by 11.97 °C; the Kirpichev efficiency factor for this option is 18,32. The calculations were performed for conical coil heat exchangers of the "pipe in a pipe" type based on a spring-twisted channel with a circular cross-section. It was found that an increase in the angle at the apex of the cone has a significant impact on the heat exchange processes, with the most pronounced effect occurring in the range of 50° to 70°. Based on the obtained data, the authors assume that the angle at the apex of the cone is equal to 50°. The technical and energy feasibility of using conical HE, as well as replacing smooth pipes with spring-twisted channels, is confirmed by the results of the calculations.

PURPOSE The study focuses on evaluating the feasibility of using a granular sorbent material derived from ash‑slag waste to remove sulfate and chloride ions from reverse osmosis concentrate – a highly mineralized effluent produced by thermal power plants.

GOAL. Reducing the environmental impact of thermal power plants through the application of an advanced purification technology for reverse osmosis concentrate, using materials derived from energy sector waste.

METHODS. The technological characteristics of ash‑and‑slag waste were determined using GOST‑standardized methods. The physico‑chemical parameters of water quality were analyzed in accordance with in‑house environmental monitoring protocols, including chromatographic, gravimetric, titrimetric, and photocolorimetric techniques.

RESULTS We have performed calculations of the economic effect and prevented environmental harm associated with the deployment of an enhanced treatment process. The technology uses granular sorbent media to remove sulfate and chloride ions from reverse osmosis concentrate generated by thermal power plants.

CONCLUSION. Based on ash‑and‑slag waste, a granular sorbent material was synthesized to treat reverse osmosis concentrate by removing sulfate and chloride ions.