RELEVANCE. Modern electrical equipment plays a critical role in the energy and industrial sectors. The most pressing problem in the operation of industrial electrical machines is energy efficiency. Energy efficiency is assessed by the electrical power consumed. But the efficiency of industrial electrical units can also be assessed by other criteria. Using the vibration monitoring method, it is possible to increase the energy efficiency of an electric motor by eliminating faults. High requirements for the operation and maintenance of electrical equipment, in turn, impose high requirements on the control systems that service them. GOAL. The goal is to conduct vibration testing of electrical equipment using the DREAM v.5 software. METHODS. The method of non-destructive testing of electrical equipment is used based on spectral analysis of vibration parameters using the DREAM v.5 software. RESULTS. Spectral analysis of vibration characteristics of industrial electrical equipment was carried out using the DREAM v.5 software and SD-23 measuring equipment. CONCLUSION. The introduction of “DREAM v.5” into the vibration control system makes it possible to increase the efficiency of vibration control of electrical equipment. An intuitive interface and data visualization facilitate the process of interpreting measurement results, which makes it possible to quickly assess the condition of equipment and make informed decisions.

RELEVANCE. The actual load on the drill bit consists of dynamic and static loads. The high degree of heterogeneity of the rock, as well as the insufficient objectivity in assessing the stress-strain state of the drilling tool, leads to the inability to determine the actual load on the bit and, consequently, to a decrease in the efficiency of well drilling. In practice, a three-axis accelerometer is installed in the telemetry system to measure the frequency of vibrations of the drill bit. However, measuring devices capable of determining the objective impact pulse are currently lacking. THE PURPOSE of this work is to develop a measurement system for determining the pulse of axial vibrations during well drilling based on the dynamics of weakly compressible fluids METHODS. This work analyzes the shortcomings of existing measurement systems used in rotary drilling of wells. A calculation formula has been obtained that correlates the pressure of the fluid in a sealed hydraulic system with the dynamics of external axial forces acting on the system. A prototype of the measurement system has been developed based on theoretically derived mathematical patterns. A program has been created for the measurement system, which implements a low-frequency filter to enhance the quality of output data, as well as a method of mutual correlation to isolate individual impacts. RESULTS. A methodology for measuring the pulse of axial impacts has been proposed based on a hydraulic cylinder installed in close proximity to the bit, along with a set of sensors to measure the state of the fluid inside the cylinder. A model of the measurement system has been developed.

THE PURPOSE. Development of a hardware-software complex (HSC) for rapid toxicity assessment of aquatic environments using Paramecium caudatum as a bioindicator. The primary goal was to create a system capable of registering and analyzing the chemotactic response of test organisms under varying levels of toxic exposure. METHODS. The hardware component includes a high-resolution camera, a specialized flat photometric cuvette, and adjustable LED lighting. The software utilizes computer vision algorithms (OpenCV) for tracking P. caudatum movement and assessing toxicity based on spatiotemporal cell distribution. Experiments were conducted using Lozina-Lozinsky solution as a control and copper sulfate (CuSO₄) solutions at concentrationsranging from 1 mg/L to 0.1 mg/L as test samples. RESULTS. At 1 mg/L CuSO₄, 95% of cells remained localized in the lower cuvette zone (lethality), with a toxicity index corresponding to high hazard (T>0.70). At 0.1 mg/L CuSO₄, 70-75% of the population migrated to the upper zone, similar to the control (T<0.40) The system demonstrated ≤5% error and a 30-minute analysis time. CONCLUSION. The developed HSC enables precise toxicity assessment of CuSO₄- contaminated environments, detecting both critical (1 mg/L) and subthreshold (0.1 mg/L) concentrations. The method’s robustness against imaging artifacts confirms its reliability for ecological monitoring.

RELEVANCE of the research lies in the need to improve the accuracy and reliability of information and measurement systems (AIS) in conditions of uncertainty and incompleteness of information. Modern AIS are being widely implemented in critical areas, where their effectiveness directly depends on their ability to cope with two types of uncertainty: stochastic (random) and epistemic (systemic). Classical methods of mathematical statistics have difficulty formalizing epistemic uncertainty, which makes it urgent to search for new approaches. THE PURPOSE of the work is to substantiate the effectiveness of using the Bayesian approach to solve problems of improving the accuracy of AIS in conditions of uncertainty. METHODS. The Bayesian approach to probability theory is applied, which treats probability as a measure of confidence. The key tool is Bayes' theorem, which allows combining a priori knowledge of magnitude with information from new experimental data to obtain a refined, a posteriori estimate. The article examines the application of the Bayesian approach to the typical problem of estimating a physical quantity, and discusses more complex models such as hierarchical Bayesian models and Bayesian networks. RESULTS. The Bayesian approach to probability theory is applied, which treats probability as a measure of confidence. The key tool is Bayes' theorem, which allows combining a priori knowledge of magnitude with information from new experimental data to obtain a refined, a posteriori estimate. The article examines the application of the Bayesian approach to the typical problem of estimating a physical quantity, and discusses more complex models such as hierarchical Bayesian models and Bayesian networks. results. Bayesian analysis allows us to obtain not just a point estimate, but a complete a posteriori probability distribution that contains comprehensive information about the measured value. This makes it possible to more adequately assess uncertainty and make decisions with minimal risk. Using the example of a typical task, it is shown that Bayesian information synthesis always leads to a decrease in uncertainty and an increase in estimation accuracy. The application of the Bayesian approach in the concept of Bayesian measurement intellectualization is discussed, which leads to the creation of adaptive AIS capable of continuously updating their internal models. CONCLUSION. Using the Bayesian approach is an effective and versatile strategy to improve the accuracy and reliability of an AIS. Despite the computational complexity and challenges associated with the choice of a priori distributions, this approach provides a unified theoretical framework for solving a wide range of problems. This opens up prospects for creating a new generation of AIS capable of efficiently working with heterogeneous data and providing the required quality of measurement information in difficult conditions.

THE PURPOSE. To consider the problems of the ingress and propagation of electromagnetic interference in individual on-board devices of the electrical complex of the aircraft. To check the object under study of the on-board electrical equipment complex of the aircraft for compliance with the requirements of regulatory documents regarding electromagnetic compatibility. To develop recommendations for the elimination of conductive and inductive interference of the studied object of the on-board complex of electrical equipment of the aircraft. METHODS. To solve the research problems, a set of methods was used, including graph modeling of the topology of electromagnetic interference propagation in the aircraft body, finite element analysis of electromagnetic fields and mathematical modeling methods. RESULTS. The issues of penetration and propagation of electromagnetic interference in structural elements and circuits of electrical systems of an aircraft are investigated. Verification of compliance of on-board electrical equipment with regulatory requirements for electromagnetic compatibility has been performed. A topological model of interference distribution inside the aircraft body has been developed. The analysis of induced interference from external sources of electromagnetic radiation is carried out. Practical recommendations for minimizing conductive and inductive leads in on-board electrical equipment are formulated. CONCLUSION. When conducting a study on compliance with the requirements of regulatory documents in terms of electromagnetic compatibility. It was revealed that it is necessary to refine the methods of shielding sensitive elements of the studied object of the onboard complex of electrical equipment of the aircraft. Several ways to eliminate conductive and inductive interference of the object under study of the on-board complex of electrical equipment of the aircraft were presented and the optimal one was chosen.

RELEVANCE. Currently, the development and creation of new types and designs of domestic low-voltage switching devices is a prerequisite for the development of the electric power industry and the electrical industry. The article presents a developed computer model for the study and evaluation of the technical and design characteristics of low-voltage switching devices using the example of circuit breakers (CB). THE PURPOSE. Development of a computer model for the study and evaluation of the technical parameters of contact connections CB. METHODS. The article presents a multiplatform approach to the design and evaluation of technical and constructive characteristics of contact connections of low-voltage switching devices using the example of CB. Three-dimensional modeling is performed in the Solid Edge program, input of the geometry parameters of the contact joints is carried out using Microsoft Excel, physical processes are modeled in the COMSOL Multiphysics program. RESULTS. Using a computer model, it is possible to obtain data on the heating of the contact connections, power losses to the pole of the device, as well as the resistance of the contact connections when the load factor of the device changes from 0.1 to 1.2. CONCLUSIONS. The values of the heating temperature of the contact connections, the probability of trouble-free operation, the resistance of the contact connections, and the loss of power to the pole of the device are determined depending on the change in the number of switching cycles of the CB. The developed computer model allows conducting studies of contact connections and technical parameters in dynamics during operation. The results of the study make it possible to monitor the technical condition of the studied CB in operating modes.

RELEVANCE. The rapid growth of electric vehicle (EV) fleets worldwide and in Russia outpaces the deployment of charging infrastructure, causing uneven distribution of charging stations (EVCS) and reducing operational efficiency. A comprehensive methodology is required to account for technical, urban planning, and behavioral factors influencing EVCS siting decisions. THE PURPOSE. To develop and test a multifactor model for assessing the suitability of urban sites for EVCS deployment using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The model integrates expert and user survey results and applies correction coefficients for urban zone type and existing EVCS density. METHODS. A set of factors was identified from a survey of two target groups: power engineering experts and EV owners. Pairwise comparisons of factors were performed using T. Saaty’s nine-point scale to determine weight coefficients, followed by a consistency check. The resulting weights were incorporated into an integral suitability formula adjusted for functional zoning and infrastructure saturation. The model was tested on five sites in Novosibirsk and Moscow with different functional zoning types (business, residential, transit, industrial, and highdensity EVCS areas). RESULTS. The model identified sites with high and low suitability scores, demonstrating sensitivity to both factor structure and correction coefficients. High-scoring sites showed balanced factor contributions, while low-scoring sites revealed critical constraints such as low traffic, poor connectivity, or over-saturation with charging infrastructure. The model successfully detected zones with excessive infrastructure, thus preventing resource duplication. CONCLUSIONS. The proposed methodology provides a practical decision-support tool for urban planners, investors, and developers to optimize EVCS siting. It enables early-stage planning, reduces risks of inefficient investment, and is adaptable to other cities and contexts. The integration of technical, spatial, and behavioral parameters improves infrastructure efficiency and supports sustainable urban mobility strategies.

RELEVANCE. The research consists in the operational forecasting of electrical loads for both technical and economic aspects of the operation of the power system. Timely analysis of the upcoming loads allows us to determine the most efficient system operation mode, which directly affects the performance of the entire electrical complex when operating in the energy market. THE PURPOSE. To increase the accuracy of forecasting electricity consumption in the electrical complex of the grid company, providing a lower margin of error compared to current methods. METHODS. To achieve this goal, an iterative method was applied: in the Microsoft Excel environment, a sequential search and verification of existing forecasting methods was organized. RESULTS. A methodology for forecasting energy consumption by an electric utility of an energy organization has been developed. The marginal error of the proposed methodology was only 2.53%. A step-by-step algorithm for calculating the planned amount of electricity consumption by customers has been developed, ensuring consistent execution of operations to generate a comprehensive forecast. CONCLUSION. An important element of the work was the algorithm for calculating the estimated volume of electricity consumption by subscribers. This algorithm is a detailed sequence of actions necessary to implement a combined forecasting method, and also provides a systematic approach to estimating future electricity consumption, achieving a high degree of detail, which allows calculations to be performed without using specialized software, using only basic engineering calculation methods.

RELEVANCE of the study is related to the increasing development of wind energy in Russia. As a result of the growth of wind farms installed capacity in the Russian energy system, it becomes necessary to analyze their operating modes in the direction of electric power regime operating. THE PURPOSE. Analysis of wind farms operating modes in foreign power systems in order to interpolate the results for Russian conditions. The analysis of wind farms operating modes is based on indicators characterizing the power system flexibility: rate of power change and amplitude of power change. In this regard, it is necessary to carry out a quantitative assessment of the indicators and identify patterns of their change. METHODS. Piecewise linear approximation of wind farms generation schedule time series was used to create the models. Statistical methods were used to process the results. Calculations is carried out in the Microsoft Excel software package. RESULTS. The calculation results show that the oscillation amplitude can reach a maximum value of up to 80% of the installed capacity of the wind power plant. Similar results were obtained earlier in the analysis of wind power plant capacity fluctuations in the Czech power system. At the same time, in the considered example, oscillations with an amplitude of up to 20% of the in-stalled capacity of the wind power plant are the longest - about 80% of the time during the year. CONCLUSION. Continuous development of wind farms sets the task of analyzing their impact on the operating modes of electric power systems. First of all, wind farms affect the control range and the rate of change in the capacity of other power plants operating in power system. The article studies the operating modes of power systems with a large share of wind farms installed capacity. Considering the ongoing construction of wind farms in the Russian energy system, the obtained results can be used in planning and managing electric power regimes.

RELEVANCE. Development of a new technology based on the Allam cycle with incycle coal gasification. THE PURPOSE. Determine the thermal efficiency of the Allam cycle with in-cycle coal gasification. Calculate the synthesis gas combustion process. Consider the provisions of thermodynamic analysis of energy cycles. Compare the considered technology with other technologies of electric power generation on organic fuel. METHODS. The method for calculating the synthesis gas combustion process consists in determining the mass-flow characteristics of the fuel, oxidizer, working fluids and thermal efficiency, which allows comparing the considered technology with others. In the proposed method, it is assumed that pure synthesis gas is burned at a stoichiometric ratio of the supplied oxygen. Limitations of the presented method are the thermodynamic parameters of the input, which will determine the enthalpies of the working fluid and water vapor at the calculated points, as well as the ambient temperature, on which the pressure at the outlet of the CO2 turbine will depend. RESULTS. The article proposes a method for determining the thermal efficiency of the Allam cycle with in-cycle coal gasification. The method is based on the calculation of synthesis gas combustion and the provisions of thermodynamic analysis of energy cycles. Using the developed method, the thermal efficiency of the electricity generation technology based on the Allam cycle with incycle gasification of Kuznetsk coal in the Texas process is analyzed. The considered technology is compared with other technologies for generating electricity on organic fuel. CONCLUSION. It was calculated that the synthesis gas consumption for the considered technology is approximately 4.3 times higher than for the Allam cycle with oxygen combustion of methane. It is shown that the proportion of working fluid renewal for the technology based on the Allam cycle with in-cycle coal gasification is 1.6 times higher than that of a similar CO2 cycle on methane. It is shown that the thermal efficiency of the technology is 65.5%, which is comparable with similar technologies of different architectures.

RELEVANCE. Hydrogen possesses an exceptional ability to store energy. Safe and efficient hydrogen storage determines the practical use of this gas as fuel and represents an urgent problem requiring detailed investigation. AIM. To review modern stationary hydrogen energy storage technologies, analyze recent global trends and developments in this field, identify factors contributing to improved efficiency and safety of hydrogen storage systems at hydrogen refueling stations, and investigate thermodynamics and kinetics of stationary hydrogen energy storage. METHODS. Based on literature data analysis, thermodynamic calculations of energy capacity and safety assessment of hydrogen storage systems, as well as kinetic analysis of relevant processes. RESULTS. Research in the field of stationary hydrogen energy storage has been systematized, technology development trends identified, and main technical characteristics of stationary hydrogen storage described. Thermodynamic calculations have been performed to evaluate storage technology efficiency. CONCLUSION. Significant progress in safe hydrogen storage has been identified, driven by advancements in hydrogen technologies and the development of new hydrogen storage materials. Investigation of thermodynamic and kinetic aspects has shown that optimizing these parameters significantly improves efficiency and reliability of stationary hydrogen storage systems.

THE PURPOSE of the study was to propose a more effective option for heat conservation through the insulation of building envelopes. Calculations were analyzed using PHPP (Passive House Planning Package) software. Research and calculations revealed that insulating building envelopes can significantly reduce energy consumption for heating. The impact of these measures was analyzed on the fuel and energy balance of Mongolia. SIGNIFICANCE. The scientific significance of the study lies in its comprehensive assessment of the impact of insulating building envelopes on reducing heat loss, energy consumption, and CO2 emissions in Mongolia. METHODS. The study utilized analytical and computational methods. PHPP software, which allows for the modeling of energy performance of buildings with different insulation options and envelope thicknesses, was used to assess heat loss and potential energy savings. RESULTS. All existing older buildings belong to energy efficiency class D. To achieve energy efficiency, these buildings must be classified as energy efficient or class A, and all building envelopes must have insulation at least 250 mm thick and a thermal conductivity of 0.04 W/(m∙K). For panel apartment buildings, assuming windows insulated with energy-saving double-glazed windows, the annual consumption is calculated to be 133.8 GWh. The implementation of this measure could save 368.6 GWh of thermal energy and reduce 263.3 thousand tons of CO2, which is in line with the Paris Agreement targets for 2030. For brick apartment buildings, the annual consumption is calculated to be 99.1 GWh. Implementing this measure would save 305.3 GWh of thermal energy and reduce 218.2 thousand tons of CO2. CONCLUSION. Currently, the annual heat consumption of panel buildings is 502.1 GWh (431,700 Gcal), and that of brick buildings is 404.4 GWh (347,700 Gcal) in Ulaanbaatar. This figure accounts for 53 percent of the thermal energy in fuel and energy balance of Mongolia.

RELEVANCE. A reliable mathematical description of the processes accompanying unsteady flows of reacting combustible gas mixtures is relevant for a wide range of tasks related to furnace technology and heat generating plants. The development of a tool for numerical simulation of boiler processes will make it possible to predict the modes and operating conditions of their elements in order to improve the technical and economic performance of the installation as a whole. PURPOSE. Development of a mathematical model describing threedimensional unsteady flows of a reacting mixture of gases in combustion chambers, boiler bundles and flues of boiler units. The possibility of applying S.K. Godunov's method to numerical modeling of processes in furnace devices and convective elements of a boiler unit is considered. METHODS. The complexity of modeling furnace processes is related to their nonstationarity, the complexity of the configuration of the computational domain, which requires solving the problem in a three-dimensional formulation, the course of the combustion process and the presence of associated heat exchange processes with boiler elements. Therefore, the mathematical model describing the flows of a reacting mixture of gases in combustion chambers, boiler bundles and flues of boiler units includes three-dimensional unsteady NavierStokes equations of energy and turbulence. The process of natural gas combustion in a firebox is described within the framework of a simple chemically reactive system (SCRS). To account for the combustion process, it is proposed to add to the energy transfer equation a source equivalent to diffusion combustion under the assumptions of SCRS. To numerically implement a mathematical model of processes in boiler elements, the S.K. Godunov method was used in combination with the MUSCL scheme, which provides a second-order approximation of difference equations. RESULTS and DISCUSSIONS. A mathematical model suitable for calculating the processes of hydrodynamics and heat and mass transfer in water-tube boiler units has been developed and numerically implemented. Using the developed application software package, a number of calculations were performed for the KV-GM-1,25-115 hot water tube boiler. CONCLUSION. The proposed approach to solving the problem of developing a model suitable for numerical analysis of combustion processes makes it possible to obtain a universal tool for calculating and designing heat generating plants, which can be used to determine the parameters of thermal and gas-dynamic processes in boiler units. This will make it possible to improve existing structures or develop new ones with improved technical and economic characteristics, as well as identify and resolve local problems that interfere with boiler operation and are not solved using engineering calculation methods.