The energy sector of Russia is transforming, followed by total electrification and gasification, which has radically changed the fuel landscape and allowed enterprises in various sectors of the economy to create their energy sources based on gas turbine and gas piston cogeneration plants. There are more and more balanced local intelligent energy systems for various purposes, more often operating autonomously, since the process of their integration with the unified energy system of Russia is impossible without power and energy output, which is contrary to the interests of generating companies, territorial grid organizations and the system operator. Overcoming the administrative and technological barriers and obstacles created by significant players in the electric power industry reduces the technical and economic efficiency of local intelligent energy systems that can bring considerable beneficial systemic effects.

THE PURPOSE Substantiation of the obtained system effects from integrating local intelligent energy systems.

METHODS. A systematic approach to identify the effects of the integration of local intelligent energy systems with the unified energy system of Russia.

RESULTS. Local intelligent energy systems are considered objects of distributed electric power industry that perform certain system functions, which is accompanied by a change in the properties of reliability, efficiency and environmental friendliness of the production and transmission of heat and electricity, which leads to various effects. The presence and size of the effects are determined by the type and type of the local intelligent energy system. It is shown that the integration of communal local intelligent energy systems, created for the energy supply of the population and equivalent consumers, has a certain advantage.

CONCLUSION. The integration of communal local intelligent energy systems makes it possible to increase the availability and uninterrupted power supply, reduce the negative impact of off-market surcharges and cross-subsidization, improve the uniformity of load schedules for generating and grid equipment, which increases the efficiency of the unified energy system of Russia. 

THE PURPOSE. A complex of various physico-chemical methods has been studied to explore the possibilities of reuse of oil residues (oil sludge) of low-sulfur high-paraffin oil deposits of the Mangyshlak peninsula (Kazakhstan) as a promising raw material for boiler and marine fuel with improved operational and environmental characteristics.

METHODS. Determination of the conditional viscosity of oil sludge (in degrees Engler, ° E) was carried out using an Engler viscometer VU-M-PCP according to GOST 6258-85 «Petroleum products. The method of determining the conditional viscosity». Studies of the lowest working heat of combustion of oil sludge were carried out using an adiabatic bomb calorimeter ABK-1B (Russia) according to GOST 21261-91 "Petroleum products. Method for determining the highest heat of combustion and calculation of the lowest heat of combustion". Determination of the mass fraction of sulfur in the studied oil sludge was also carried out using an adiabatic bomb calorimeter ABK-1B (Russia) according to GOST 3877-88 «Petroleum products. Method of determination of sulfur by burning in a calorimetric bomb». To analyze the results obtained, data obtained using the nuclear magnetic resonance method were used. Proton NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker AVANCE III NMR spectrometer operating at a frequency of 600.13 MHz for 1H and equipped with a highresolution inverse sensor for three cores (TXI, 5 mm). Data processing and analysis were performed using Bruker Topspin 3.6.1.

RESULTS. It is shown that in terms of heat of combustion and viscosity properties at temperatures above 50 oC, this oil sludge is similar to boiler fuel oil M100. It was found that the use of carbonate sludge of chemical water treatment at a concentration of 0.1 wt. % allows you to further reduce the viscosity by 5-6% and reduce the sulfur content in the combustion products, without reducing the lower working heat of combustion of the oil product. The complex nature of the relationship between the width of NMR lines and viscous properties has been revealed, which may indicate the existence of associates of highmolecular paraffins even in slightly viscous liquid petroleum products. The nature and characteristic sizes of the resulting associates are discussed. It is shown that the addition of medium-distillate diesel fractions will make it possible to obtain a better fuel option for marine engines, gas turbine and boiler installations with a reduced amount of resinous-asphaltene substances, reduced viscosity values and solidification temperatures, high heat of combustion and low sulfur content.

СONCLUSION. The conducted complex of physico-chemical studies has shown the possibility of using low-sulfur Mangyshlak oil sludge as a basis for obtaining fuel for marine engines, gas turbine and boiler plants, steam boilers and industrial furnaces.

THE PURPOSE. Consider the existing ways of using electromechanical converters for power supply of an autonomous consumer. Conduct a comparative analysis of electromechanical converters, scenarios and conditions for their use in the power supply of an autonomous consumer. To develop a proposal to eliminate the shortcomings in existing models of synchronous generators in order to increase their controllability. To develop a mathematical description of a synchronous generator with magnetoelectric excitation from permanent magnets of a single-phase type with a simplified design as a universal example of the functioning of the entire proposed line of synchronous generators. Carry out mathematical modeling of the generator proposed for consideration in order to confirm the proposed method of regulating the generated parameters, such as current and voltage, without the need to change the generator shaft rotation speed.

METHODS. When solving the problem, the method of describing an electric machine in a dq-coordinate system using a multi-winding description of the machine was used; to confirm the proposed control method, mathematical modeling with the SimInTech environment was used.

RESULTS. The article describes the relevance of the topic, considers the features of the operation of various electromechanical converters for power supply of an autonomous consumer, indicates the conditions for the use of one type or another of the architects of the power supply system in conjunction with electromechanical converters. A line of synchronous generators with magnetoelectric excitation is proposed in order to improve their controllability, namely, the ability to regulate the output generated parameters.

CONCLUSION. Using of the proposed synchronous generators with excitation from permanent magnets will allow for additional regulation of the generated parameters, thereby allowing either completely or partially to exclude additional semiconductor converting equipment, thereby reducing losses during the conversion of electrical energy. Moreover, it is possible to regulate the generated current and voltage discretely by two times increasing one of these values, this method of regulation depends on the design of the generator.

PURPOSE. To consider aspects of solving the complex problem of reasonable choice and assignment of the repair management strategy for the equipment of power supply systems of oil production consumers according to the actual technical condition. To form a methodology for assessing the comparative effectiveness of repair management strategies: «By frequency, running hours» and «By technical condition». To verify the performance of the integrated methodology. Justify and demonstrate the effectiveness of the repair management strategy: «By technical condition» of the equipment on the real example of the typical scheme of the electrical supply system of oil fields.

METHODS. In solving the problems set: the method of block diagrams for calculating the structural reliability of electric distribution network, including the probabilities of power supply failure in the circuit of each technological consumer, taking into account the possibility of redundancy and imposing an emergency restoration of the main element on the planned repair of the reserve, the method of hierarchy analysis for integral assessment of the actual technical condition of electrical equipment 6 (10) kV, method of calculating the mathematical expectation of damage from technological losses of oil production to assess the severity of the consequences of disruption of electricity supply to consumers of oil production, the method of expert decisions to adjust the regulatory periodicity and frequency of scheduled repairs of equipment, depending on the actual value of technical condition index.

RESULTS. The relevance of the research direction is substantiated. Computational methodology of comprehensive assessment of comparative efficiency of equipment repair management strategies in oilfield power supply system «By frequency, running hours» and «By technical condition» to justify the priority of one of them has been formed. On a concrete computational example the preference of strategy choice «By technical condition» is proved as applied to the equipment of 6(10) kV power supply systems of oil fields.

CONCLUSION. The developed methodology and its validation on the example of a real power supply system allows to substantiate and illustrate the effectiveness of the strategy «By technical condition» in comparison with the strategy: «By frequency, running hours» in relation to the management of repairs of oil production facilities.

THE PURPOSE. Consideration of issues related to the study of ways to increase the capacity of the electrical network, characterized by the maximum transmitted power between the nodes of the electrical network. Switching in the electrical network and power imbalance in nodes during transmission of electricity are reasons of overloads and blackouts. To prevent overloads, the transmission volumes are reduced. It is the reason for a decrease in the reliability of power supply to consumers, the efficiency of using energy resources and disconnection of systems. In practice, the traditional methods of reducing network congestion are generation regulation, changing the network topology, and, if they are not enough, disconnecting consumers from the power grid.

METHODS. Solving the problem, a computer model was used, created in the RastrWin3. This study transmission capacity of the electrical network with the taking influence equalizing EMF between the nodes of the power grid.

RESULTS. The article describes the relevance problems, it is shown that the regulation of the equalizing EMF allows you to change the value of the maximum allowable power transmitted between the nodes of the electrical network. CONCLUSION. The results of the study can be used in the practice of dispatch control to solve problems of improving the reliability, planning and operating the power system in real time. The efficiency of the proposed algorithm is tested experimentally.

THE PURPOSE. Determination of the permissible power of the heat pump (HP) used in the cooling system of the steam turbine condenser for a thermal power plant (TPP) based on double-circuit combined-cycle gas turbine (CCGT).

METHODS. Mathematical modeling of the operating modes of a heating CCGT with a HP in the cooling system was used as a research method. The research was conducted using statistical data on technical parameters and economic indicators of CCGT-450, for climatic and market conditions of St. Petersburg. The research of the most characteristic modes of operation of the main power equipment, in the annual context, was carried out. The maximum permissible capacity of the HP, from the point of view of the organization of stable heat supply to the consumer, available low-potential resources and breakeven operation of TPP in the electricity market was determined.

RESULTS. It was found that lowpotential energy resources in the cooling system of the steam turbine condenser are formed in significant volumes and the thermal power of the consumer is consistently high, including in summer. Therefore, market restrictions related to the break-even operation of TPP in the wholesale electricity market are the most essential condition determining the permissible level of HP power. It was found that for the object of study, with an average annual electrical capacity of 650 MW, the maximum power of the HP is 160 MW.

CONCLUSION. The main factors limiting the permissible level of HP power were analyzed using the example of a real power facility. A direct connection between the maximum capacity of the HP and external economic conditions, as well as the level of energy efficiency of the TPP equipment was established. This approach can be used to select and justify the HP capacity regardless of the location region, the type of power system, the cost of energy resources, market conditions, as well as the type and characteristics of the equipment used.

PURPOSE. Development and testing at a real facility of an integrated approach to the modernization of heat supply systems, taking into account the introduction of modern energy-saving technologies to reduce costs and optimize the processes of generation and consumption of thermal energy.

METHODS. During the study, a comprehensive analysis of the performance of all parts of the system was carried out: instrumental measurements were made, information was collected on the parameters of the system for the last two heating-winter periods.

RESULTS. Modernization of an outdated heat supply system to increase the efficiency of its operation in all elements of the system (source - heating network - consumer). The achieved practical significance today lies in the development of several measures to regulate the operating mode aimed at switching from an open heat supply system to a more efficient, closed one by equipping consumers with individual heating points, as well as optimizing the processes of generation and consumption of thermal energy.

CONCLUSION. Modernization of the existing heat supply system from the boiler house under study will optimize the processes of generation and consumption of thermal energy, reduce the cost of energy resources used. The developed concept of the development of the object under study can be applied to similar facilities not only in the Republic of Uzbekistan, but also throughout the Russian Federation, as part of programs to improve the efficiency of morally and physically obsolete energy systems.

THE PURPOSE. To consider the problems that arise when creating a composite heatinsulating material, including a layer of microspherical granules. Numerical modeling of a composite material with different volume content of microspheres and different options for the formation of voids. Determination of the influence of the presence of zones not occupied by microgranules on the insulating properties of the composite material. Determination of the influence of the volume content of microspherical granules on the heat flux through the composite material.

METHODS. Numerical simulation was carried out by creating models of elementary cubic cells of a composite with a package of 27 microspheres in the ANSYS Fluent 19.2 software package. The evaluation of the insulating properties was carried out by measuring the thermal conductivity coefficient.

RESULTS. The article investigates the influence of the presence of zones not occupied by microspherical granules on the thermal insulation properties of a composite material. Models of elementary cubic cells with different volume content of microgranules are constructed. Models of elementary cells are built with various options for the formation of voids, such as the removal of a vertical or horizontal row of granules and the compaction of granules vertically or horizontally.

CONCLUSION. The removal of microgranules has a significant effect on the insulating properties of the composite. The lowest thermal conductivity coefficient was obtained for a simple cubic cell with a volume content of microgranules φ = 40%. The presence of voids in the material contributes to large heat losses, and in the case of a vertical through channel, the heat losses are greater than for a horizontal through channel. In the case of densification of spheres, heat losses in the zone not occupied by microgranules are compensated by a decrease in the heat flux in the area with densification of spheres. 

THE PURPOSE. To consider the problems of protecting equipment of thermal power plants and heat supply systems from internal corrosion. To study the stages of development of domestic deaeration devices and the principles of atmospheric and vacuum deaeration in the framework of the boiler house in Ulyanovsk. To analyze the operation and maintenance of deaerators: DSA-75, AWACS and DV-75 in the boiler house of JSC «Ulyanovsk Cartridge Plant», and in the UMUP «City Heating System».

METHODS. When solving this problem, we used an analytical method for evaluating the operation of the DSA-75 atmospheric deaerator and the DV-75 vacuum deaerator.

RESULTS. The article presents the main technical characteristics of the atmospheric deaerator DSA-75 and the vacuum deaerator DV-75, and graphical dependencies characterizing the operation of the above deaerators were obtained.

CONCLUSION. An analysis of the work of the «AWACS» deaerator showed that this device was never able to take its rightful place as the main and additional deaeration device in the boiler house in Ulyanovsk. Accordingly, the «AWACS» deaerator could not stand on a par with the long-established deaerators developed at CKTI. The authors found that at the present time, at the UMUP «City Heating System» boiler house considered in this article, the water treatment system using the traditional DV-75 vacuum deaerator is well debugged and performs its functions. Thus, high-quality water treatment is ensured in the boiler house.

THE PURPOSE. To On the basis of spectral analysis, to evaluate the effect of installing a turbocharger turbine on the aeromechanics of pulsating gas flows in the engine exhaust system and to propose a method for controlling the aerodynamic and heat transfer characteristics of unsteady gas flows by creating an ejection effect in the exhaust system.

METHODS. A laboratory experiment on a full-scale piston engine model was chosen to achieve this goal. Spectral analysis of harmonic dependences was used to assess changes in the structure of gas flows in the exhaust system. Mathematical modeling of the operating cycle of diesel engines was used to assess the potential positive effects of the use of an ejection system in the exhaust tract of a diesel engine. Three-dimensional solid modeling systems were used for sketch (engineering) studies of new (modernized) exhaust system designs.

RESULTS. The article describes laboratory equipment, measuring system and data processing methods. A description of the boundary conditions in the course of experimental research is given. Comparison of aeromechanical and heat exchange characteristics of unsteady flows in the exhaust system of an engine with and without a turbocharger is carried out in the article. The qualitative and quantitative differences in aeromechanics and thermal physics of processes are shown. The proposed method of aeromechanical improvement of the exhaust system by creating an ejection.

CONCLUSION. It was revealed that the turbine of a turbocharger has a significant effect on the aeromechanical characteristics of flows in the exhaust system. A significant decrease in the maximum flow rate in the exhaust tract (up to 3 times) is observed when installing a turbocharger. There is a decrease in flow characteristics through the turbocharged exhaust system (within 30%). It was found that the ejection effect in the engine exhaust system leads to stabilization of the flow, an increase in gas consumption by 6-12%, a decrease in specific fuel consumption by an average of 1% and an improvement in reliability indicators by 1.11-1.74%.

The parameters of electromechanical converters functioning as part of working sets can change as a result of the influence externa factors, such as changes in the characteristics of the environment. Changes in parameters also occur due to parametric disturbances caused by changes in the physical characteristics of the elements electromechanical converters. In this regard, the development of methods and algorithms that provide analysis and control of the functioning electromechanical converters is an urgent task. The article discusses a digital algorithm for monitoring the functioning of an electromechanical DC converter, based on obtaining characteristics in a tabular-graphic form. These characteristics reflect the relationship between the vector of unstable parameters of the research object χ and the generalized integral criterion Q as a function of the discrepancy between the output coordinates of the electromechanical converter and its reference model. Discrete transfer functions of the reference model and sensitivity models are obtained for the monitored unstable parameters of the electromechanical converter. Based on the decomposition of discrete models, the corresponding direct programming schemes in the Frobenius form are constructed. The digital algorithms of the obtained models are represented by the difference equations of state and output. The structural scheme calculation of the generalized integral criterion Q and point dependencies χ (Q) is given. Discrete approximation was carried out using a bilinear transformation (Tustin's formula). A computer experiment for obtaining point χ-dependencies was carried out with varying degrees of accuracy, depending on the step of variations monitored parameters of the electromechanical converter within a given range of variation. The results obtained make it possible to assess the monitored unstable parameters of electromechanical DC converters with the required accuracy.

THE PURPOSE. Development of a methodology for conducting a feasibility study when using a soft start system based on a current inverter for high-voltage electric motors of pumping units of irrigation pumping stations of the first lift.

METHODS. Research and calculations were carried out in accordance with the algorithm for compiling the energy balance of pumping units, as well as using the analysis of statistical data.

RESULTS. A feasibility study is presented for the feasibility of introducing soft start systems for irrigation pumping stations of the first lift, where, as a rule, powerful synchronous electric motors are installed. A method for determining the economic efficiency of systems or soft starters for electric drives of pumping stations is proposed. The rational use of an alternative soft starter based on a current inverter is substantiated.

CONCLUSION. Determining the economic efficiency of introducing soft starters remains a difficult task, since the operating conditions of facilities require taking into account various influencing factors that are not always amenable to accurate assessment. This is the problem of developing a universal methodology for assessing the economic efficiency of introducing soft starters. The proposed methodology for determining the economic efficiency of such systems, based on known methods, complements and simplifies the process of calculations and computational algorithms.

THE PURPOSE of the described study is to study the effect of partial discharges on the physical state of previously detected defects in high-voltage insulators. The article describes the results obtained by a complex of non-contact methods for remote diagnostics of high-voltage insulators under operating voltage during operation using a two-channel remote diagnostic device.

METHOD is based on the registration of partial discharges by electromagnetic and acoustic sensors. With the help of electromagnetic and acoustic sensors, the characteristics of partial discharges in high-voltage polymer and porcelain insulators were studied without contact in laboratory and field conditions. The developed monitoring system is largely based on the discovered effect of extra large PDs, which create an accumulation of induced electric charges on the dielectric surfaces of defects, which form electric fields with a strength exceeding the strength of the applied fields to high-voltage insulators.

THE RESULTS of experimental studies confirm the possibility of industrial applicability of the proposed method for non-contact remote diagnostics of the state of high-voltage insulators under operating voltage. The use of acoustic registration of partial discharges in the control of defects makes it possible to more accurately determine the total number of PDs and their phase distribution.

THE PURPOSE. To develop a stand for the study of the operability and quality of functioning of electrical complexes and electric drive systems with frequency regulators that have undergone major repairs.

METHODS. When solving this problem, the method of direct evaluation of the mechanical characteristics of the system Source-Frequency ConverterMotor-Load was used, methods of direct evaluation of input parameters with subsequent calculation of indicators, methods of increasing algorithmic redundancy, mathematical methods of checks, logical control methods and complex control methods (the method of control tests, the method of control programs) were used. RESULTS. The analysis of test methods of frequency regulators was carried out, the necessary equipment was selected, stand control algorithms were determined, design documentation was developed, a stand was made to study the operability and quality of functioning of electrical complexes and electric drive systems with frequency regulators, the software of its control system was debugged, frequency converters were tested according to the developed methodology in accordance with GOST requirements.

CONCLUSION. One of the most effective ways to determine the state of the frequency controller before sending it for installation is to check on a test bench to determine the degree of operability of the control and protection system, as well as the power part. The developed stand makes it possible to solve a wide range of tasks for the study of the operability and quality of functioning of electrical complexes and electric drive systems with frequency regulators that have undergone major repairs.

THE PURPOSE. Determine the operating mode of a heat exchanger designed to transfer heat from a vapor-gas mixture containing solid particles. Get a dependency for calculating the time after which it is necessary to restore the surface by washing it with water. To carry out estimated calculations of the operating mode of the heat exchanger installed at the PULP Invest enterprise. To increase the stability of the heat exchanger and reduce environmental pollution by cellulose particles.

METHODS. In solving this problem, the laws of heat and mass conservation, balance ratios in the calculation of economic costs were used.

RESULTS. The article describes the relevance of the topic, discusses the features of the operation of a heat exchanger in which heat is transferred from a condensing vapor-gas mixture containing solid particles. An assumption is made about the mechanism of deposition of these particles on the heat exchange surface. A dependence is obtained that allows us to determine the time after which the surface needs to be restored, taking into account the cost of water and electricity.

CONCLUSION. Studies have suggested the mechanism of sediment formation on the heat exchange surface. Choosing a rational mode of operation of the heat exchanger will significantly save water consumption for surface restoration, as well as extract the greatest amount of heat from the steam-gas mixture. The release of particles into the air can be reduced.

THE PURPOSE. Within the framework of the fourth integral-differential stage of scientific knowledge development, the modern interpretation of matter as a set of mass and energy components, the paradigm of its multilevel organization (fields, substances, material bodies and megamaterial systems) and the features of «particle-wave dualism», an attempt was made to concretize the material essence of energy.

METHODS. The method of solving the problem was to establish a causal relationship between the characteristic properties of «energy» and their carrier in the form of a specific kind of matter. A review of literature data on the evolution of understanding the concept of «energy» was carried out.

RESULTS. The distinctive characteristics of energy from discrete forms of matter were determined. These are wave properties, the difference in the strength and extent of the energy continuums of gravitational, electrical, electromagnetic, chemical, nuclear, thermal and other types of energy, and the ability to have various in strength («energy») effects on discrete material objects and work in general. This provides the ability to bind the latter (by various types of bonds) as elements of objects in the form of individual atoms, chemicals (including molecular ones), cells, material bodies, etc. It was also shown that energy in combination with discrete varieties of material objects determines the forms of motion (physical, chemical, biological, mechanical, etc.), interactions and transformations of matter, including the transition from one of its varieties to the others (for example, chemical to thermal). The meaning of chemical, electrical, thermal and other types of energy was clarified.

CONCLUSION. Thus, it was shown that energy is not just a property of matter, but an objective reality of the existence of continuous spatial forms of matter structural organization (energy material continuum) in the form of open and closed (within discrete varieties of matter) fields.