THE  PURPOSE. To  analyze  the  current  understanding  of  unsaturated  hydrocarbons with  double  C=C  bonds  in  mineral  transformer  oils  and  evaluate  the  effectiveness  of  modern methods of controlling the content of these compounds in oils. Develop an instrumental way to control  unsaturated  compounds  in  mineral oils  by  means of  IR  spectroscopy. Study  the  change in  the  content  of  unsaturated  hydrocarbons  in  oils  during  thermal  degradation.  Study  the effectiveness of the adsorption purification of oils to remove unsaturated compounds from oils. METHODS. To  determine  the  content  in  mineral  oils  of  unsaturated  hydrocarbons  used  IR spectroscopy  in  the  near  infrared  spectral  region.  Artificial  thermal  degradation  of  oils  was carried  out  at  temperatures  of  100 and  150 ºC. For adsorption purification of oils silica gels brands  KSKG,  AS230SH,  as  well  as  Fuller's  Earth  adsorbent  were  used. RESULTS. Spectral range 4750÷4500 cm^-1 and  method  of  IR  spectra  transformation  were  chosen  to  control  the content  of  unsaturated  compounds  with  double  C=C  bonds  in  the  oil.  As  a  result  of  model experiments,  it  is  clearly  demonstrated  that  the  content  of  unsaturated  hydrocarbons  increases with  increasing  degree  of  thermal  degradation  of  oils.  It  is  shown  that  adsorption  purification has a low efficiency with respect to unsaturated compounds. An algorithm for differentiation of fresh mineral transformer oils produced by hydrocracking technology from the regenerated oils is  proposed. CONCLUSION. The  highest  content  of  unsaturated  compounds  is  contained  in mineral  oils  produced  by  technologies  other  than  hydrocracking.  Thermo-oxidative  impact  on oil  during  its  operation  leads  to  an  increase  in  the  content  of  unsaturated  hydrocarbons  in  the oil.  The  content  of  unsaturated  hydrocarbons  in  the  mineral  transformer  oil  characterizes  the degree of degradation of its hydrocarbon base that cannot be recovered during regeneration.

RELEVANCE. Suspended insulators, the technical condition of which largely determines the reliability of power supply to consumers of different categories, are one of the most damaged elements of overhead power transmission lines [1-2]. This is primarily due to the fact that during their operation, insulators are exposed to various climatic conditions that have a direct impact on their insulating properties. Moreover, precipitation, such as rain, fog or dew, has the greatest impact precisely in combination with various solid, liquid and gaseous particles deposited on the insulator surface from the air, and forming a layer of surface contamination. Wetting this layer increases the electrical conductivity of the entire overhead line insulation structure and reduces its insulating capacity. Study of influence of dampening of contaminated surface of suspended insulation on their discharge characteristics is an urgent scientific task. The solution of this task enables to develop the existing understanding of the mechanisms of formation and development of discharges on the contaminated and wetted surface of insulation and to formulate the appropriate diagnostic attributes applicable to control the condition of the overhead power line insulators. OBJECTIVE. To carry out laboratory research aimed at studying the behavior of suspended high-voltage polymer insulators of overhead power lines when they are moistened. To formulate appropriate diagnostic attributes applicable for control of condition of suspended insulators of overhead power lines during their operation. METHODS. At the solution of the posed problem experimental methods of research, consisting in simulation of work of the contaminated polymeric insulator in the atmosphere of a pure fog with application of the special experimental installation developed by the authors of this article were applied. RESULTS. As a result of laboratory research, by continuous registration of leakage current values, as well as signals coming from the remote sensor, characteristic features of contaminated insulator humidification were revealed, which can be used as diagnostic signs in the process of their operation.

RELEVANCE of the study lies in the analysis of the influence of specifying the wind speed interval on the calculation of electricity generation by certain wind turbines used in the Crimea. PURPOSE. Analysis of techniques that can be used to estimate electric power generation by wind turbines in various cases, as well as an assessment of the impact on the accuracy of the forecast of the speed indication interval when using "semi-aggregated" data. METHODS. Analytical and computational methods were used in the study, in particular, the variable substitution method, Rayleigh distribution, and the Milewski method. RESULTS. In the article the methods of calculating the electric power generation for three cases are considered. The first case uses primary observational data, so it is applicable only when a weather station is directly present in the area. The second case describes the course of calculations when the wind characteristics sensors are partially shaded and when the terrain is more complex. Here it is necessary to classify the degree of openness of the wind speed sensor. If the site is located far from weather stations or weather posts, the third method is used. In this case, the choice of interpolation nodes of the indicators of potential power generation can be quite complex. We also evaluated the effect of wind speed on electricity generation by a wind turbine. The number of aggregation intervals and the aggregation interval itself were changed, and the results were found for two wind turbines USW56-100 and T600-48, common in the Crimea. CONCLUSIONS. Wind energy is one of the promising areas, but often because of the differences between the forecast data and the actual, there are difficulties in integrating into the overall energy system. Therefore, it is important to develop methods for estimating the generation and accuracy in their use.

RELEVANCE. Increasing energy efficiency is one of the necessary conditions for modernizing the Russian economy. High energy intensity and energy efficiency analysis are due to the combined influence of a number of factors, both global and private. Thus, for electric grid organizations the problem of energy efficiency is a priority. Having at their disposal electrical grid facilities, including points of reception and transmission of electrical energy, electrical equipment and power transmission lines, electrical grid organizations incur huge losses caused by losses during the transmission of electrical energy, losses associated with the unaccounted share of electricity, as well as third-party factors. OBJECT. Conduct an analysis of the energy efficiency of an electric grid organization that has 10 branches. Form a hierarchy of energy efficiency indicators, determine the impact of each indicator on the integral indicator that reflects the energy efficiency of the facility. Conduct benchmarking, identify leaders and outsiders among power grid organizations. METHODS. To calculate the weight coefficients, the method of analysis of hierarchies in the classical and fuzzy formulations was used. Energy efficiency benchmarking was carried out by ranking power grid organizations according to the integral indicator of energy efficiency. RESULTS. A three-level hierarchy of energy efficiency indicators has been formed. A decision-making algorithm is presented when analyzing the energy efficiency of energy industry facilities. The weight coefficients of indicators and integral values of energy efficiency of organizations are calculated. The indicators that have the greatest impact on the overall efficiency of the facility were identified. A summary diagram of comparison of all branches has been formed, the most and least successful organizations have been identified. CONCLUSIONS. The analysis of energy efficiency, carried out using two methods of analysis of hierarchies, made it possible to identify the advantages and disadvantages of the classical representation of the method. Determination of leaders within the branch structure of the electric grid organization allows us to analyze the methods used to improve energy efficiency, as well as to introduce them in the future to less successful branches.

THE PURPOSE. To study the need to provide the required electrical capacities of the transport  infrastructure  facilities  of  the  Baikal-Amur  and  Trans-Siberian  highways.  Today, increasing the transportation capacity of the railway transport system in the Eastern direction is an  important  transport  task..  The  solution  of  problems  related  to  the  creation  of  transport infrastructure  is  inextricably  linked  with  the  creation  of  sources  of  electric  power  in  the presented  scientific  work,  the  authors  analyzed  the  technical  failures  of  the  equipment  of traction substations of the railway line. This analysis revealed that the main cause of equipment failures  of  the  traction  power  supply  system  is  equipment  wear.  It  accounts  for  about  45%  of failures, which is certainly a lot. METHODS. In order to identify technically weak zones on the established  section  of  the  railway  line,  taking  into  account  the  passage  of  heavy  trains  for  the prospective development of the Baikal-Amur and Trans-Siberian highways, traction calculations were  performed  using  the  Kortes  software  package  as  part  of  the  increase  in  freight  traffic  in the eastern direction. RESULTS. The calculated values obtained with the existing dimensions of the organization of train traffic allowed us to conclude that the traction power supply system of the  section  in  question  does  not  allow  to  provide  the  necessary  level  of  traction  network parameters  and  skip  the  planned  train  flow.  The  largest  number  of  failures  falls  on  the equipment of traction substation No. 4, which necessitates the replacement or modernization of this  equipment.  CONCLUSION.  The  expediency  of  reconstruction  of  traction  substations  is determined, taking into account the prospective state of operation of the site.

Show  the  prospects  for  the  development  of  local  electric  networks  with distributed generation. Recent changes in the electric power industry are forcing the revision of the  requirements  for  both  infrastructure  and  power  facilities.  Show  that  the  connection  of distributed generators and consumers of electrical energy to the network is fraught with certain difficulties.  Solving  the  problem  of  high-quality  and  uninterrupted  power  supply  to  consumers requires  a  new  approach  associated  with  the  use  of  modern  Smart  Grid  technologies,  equally related to energy and information technology. It is noted that for the implementation of such a large-scale  task,  the  "road  map"  "Energynet"  of  the  National  Technology  Initiative  was developed,  among  the  main  directions  of  which  are  the  digitalization  of  the  infrastructure  of distribution  networks  and  the  deep  decentralization  of  electricity  production.  Consider,  in accordance  with  the  identified  areas,  the  segments  of  the  smart  energy  market,  which include: reliable  and  flexible  distribution  grids,  smart  distributed  energy  and  consumer  services. Propose  a solution  to  the  problem  using  the  example  of  a  local  low  voltage  microgrid  with distributed  generation.  METHODS.  The  solution  to  the  problem  is  proposed  on  the  basis  of creating  a  simulation  model,  with  the  help of  which  it  is possible  to  perform  a  number  of  tests and obtain the optimal network mode within a given error area. implement various options for the structure of the microgrid, the number and type of generators, the load level. The structural diagram  of  the  local  network  is  proposed.  RESULTS.  The  article  describes  the  process  of managing  power  flows  between  producers  (local  distributed  sources)  and  consumers  of electricity.  This  process  is  carried  out  through  a  single  control  center,  which  receives information  about  the  state  of  the  micro-grid  objects - the  level  of  electricity  generation  by generators  and  the  level of  the  current  load of  consumers.  Based  on  the results  of  information processing  in  the  control  center,  a  decision  is  made  on the  redistribution  of  power  between objects.  A  scheme  describing  the  dynamic  process  of  power  transfer  for  efficient  resource management  in  the  power  distribution  network  is  proposed.  CONCLUSION.  The  considered power management algorithm is a simple implementation of classical load balancing, and at the same time allows for optimal energy distribution within a given error. Optimal, in this case, will be the state of the system, in which all distributed renewable energy sources are used in full to meet the needs of the local micro-network, while reducing to a minimum the consumption from the  network.  At  the  same  time,  it  is  also  necessary  to  introduce  corrections  for  the  unevenness and instability of electricity generation by renewable energy sources.

Currently, Azerbaijan  is  implementing  large-scale  projects  to  restore  infrastructure  in the territories recently liberated from occupation. This includes, in particular, the construction of new modern power plants and electrical networks of modern design and high power. This, in turn, requires  the  use  of  reliable  and  effective  methods  of  safety  and  protection  of  these  systems  from any failures or damage. In this regard, this article considers a wide range of issues on the use of modern  technologies  and  developments  for  the  protection  of  power  systems,  as  well  as  analyzes  the  optimal  concepts of management and protection of  power grids, which are most suitable in the  local  conditions  of  the  regions,  as  well  as  on  the  scale  of  the  energy  system  of  the  whole country.

RELEVANCE. To date, there are strategic goals for the development of hydrogen energy in  the  Russian  Federation.  The  achievement  of  the  set  goals  largely  depends  on  the  norms  and provisions of the current legislative, legal and regulatory technical documents (NTDs). In the field of  hydrogen  energy,  the  issues  of  ensuring  industrial  safety  are  acute.  Consideration of  the  NTD on  industrial  safety  in  the  production  of  hydrogen  is  relevant.  In  order  to  solve  the  complex  of tasks  on  the  infrastructure  of  hydrogen transport,  it  is  necessary  to  overcome  a  large  number  of obstacles  associated  not  only  with  the  improvement  of  technologies,  increasing  their  economic efficiency,  but  also  with  ensuring  a  sufficient  level  of  safety. PURPOSE. The  legislative  and regulatory framework  in  the  field  of  industrial  safety  of  hydrogen  technologies  in  the  Russian Federation  is  considered  in  order  to  identify  the  provisions  of  industrial  safety  standards,  and analyze the degree of security of activities for the design, construction and operation of hydrogen filling stations with standards and regulations in the field of hydrogen technologies in production. ,  storage  and  transportation  of  hydrogen  fuel.  METHODS. The  analysis  of  normative  and technical documents (NTD) according to the status in the format valid or canceled, the analysis of the  provisions  governing  the  industrial  safety  standards  of  hydrogen  technologies,  and  also  the national standards and technical regulations of the Customs Union were studied. RESULTS. The main  provisions  of  the  federal  law  N  116-FZ  of  07/21/1997  and  the  order  of Russian  technical supervision (Rostekhnadzor) N 471 of 11/30/2020 are determined. in terms of identifying hydrogen technology  facilities  and  hydrogen  infrastructure  as  hazardous  production  facilities  (HPF)  and their registration in the state register of HIFs. CONCLUSION. Conclusions are drawn about the need  to  develop  and  approve  the  requirements  of  industrial  safety  standards  in  the  field  of hydrogen  technologies,  about  the  need  to  address  issues  of  standardization  of  hydrogen infrastructure technologies and certification of hydrogen filling stations.

THE RELEVANCE of the study lies in the fact that air conditioning systems in Iraq consume more than half of the electricity generation. During the summer, when temperatures rise,  the  demand  for  air  conditioning  increases,  resulting  in  constant  power  outages. Consumers  are  starting  to  use  local  generation -  diesel  generators,  which  increase environmental pollution. THE PURPOSE. Consider the problems thermal energy from the sun is  an  ideal  solution  for  reducing  electricity  consumption,  increasing  the  performance  of  air conditioners,  ensuring  continuity  of  power  supply  and  reducing  pollution  from  diesel generators and power plants, as well as saving energy and reducing the consumption of fossil fuels.  METHODS.  When  solving  the  problem,  a  comparison  of  options  for  standard  and (hybrid  using  solar  thermal  energy)  air  conditioning  systems  was  used.  In  a  hybrid  system, thermal energy enters the system from a solar collector built behind the compressor. Thermal parameters  and  level  of  electricity  consumption  were  calculated.  RESULTS.  The  article showed that a hybrid air conditioning system using solar thermal energy is more efficient than a  traditional  system,  as  it  increases  the  cooling  coefficient  by  (38.9 - 46.3%)  and  reduces electricity  consumption  by  (56.89 -  66.66).  %).  CONCLUSION.  The  use  of  a  hybrid  air conditioning system in the climate of Baghdad city with a vapor compression air conditioning system  reduced  the  electrical  energy  consumption  of  the  compressor  and  increased  the performance  of  the  system,  which  will  lead  to  increased  reliability  of  power  supply  and eliminate the need to use local diesel generators.

RELEVANCE.  Designing  a  network  of  heat  exchangers  for  heat  recovery  and integration  of  thermal  processes  in  general  is  a  very  urgent  task  of  energy  saving.  Such  a powerful and  widely  used  tool  for  the  synthesis  and design of a network of  heat exchangers  as pinch  technology  has  a  number  of  limitations,  and  this  study  is  aimed  at  expanding  its capabilities. Pinch technology can only work effectively with stationary heat flows. In practice, cyclic  and  periodic  processes  are  encountered,  which  limits  the  possibilities  of  using  pinch technology.  This  was  the  reason  for  this  study  with  the  aim of  expanding  the  boundaries  of application  of  pinch  technology.  THE  PURPOSE.  Improving  the  pinch  technology  method  to expand the possibilities for integrating cyclic and periodic thermal processes, as well as taking into  account  their  localization.  METHODS.  When  solving  the  problem,  the  principle  of determining heat exchange connections was analyzed, other algorithms for their selection were proposed,  and  new  optimization  criteria  were  synthesized.  RESULTS.  A  criterion  for  the structural  perfection  of  a  system  is  proposed,  which  is  the  ratio  of  the  heat  regenerated  in  the system  to  its  theoretically  possible  value.  The  theoretical  results  are  the  proposed  criterion  of structural  perfection and  a  generalized  indicator  of  the  structural-parametric  perfection of  the system.  The  practical  result  of  the  study  was  the  proposed  technical  device  for  converting  an unsteady  flow  into  a  series  of  stationary  flows.  Also,  the  practical  result  of  this  scientific research  is  a  program  for  the  synthesis  of  heat  exchange  networks.  The  proposed  conversion device  expands  the  capabilities  of  pinch  technology,  and  the  introduced  criteria  will  make  it possible to synthesize or design a system based on new target indicators. The program created during  the  work  allows  for  the  synthesis  of  a  heat  exchange  network  in  automatic  and  semi-automatic  modes.  CONCLUSION.  Thanks  to  the  research  carried  out,  it  was  possible  to improve  such a  powerful  tool  as  pinch  technology and  significantly expand  its  capabilities.  An improvement of pinch technology has been proposed to enable the integration of non-stationary thermal  processes  and  take  into  account  their  localization.  To  enable  the  integration  of  non-stationary  thermal  processes,  a  technical  device  has  been  proposed  that  allows  converting  a non-stationary  flow  into  several  stationary  ones,  and  to  take  into  account  the  localization  of heat  flows,  a  software  product  has  been  proposed  that  allows  for  the  synthesis  of  a  heat exchange  network  in  automatic  and  semi-automatic  modes.  In  addition,  two indicators  have been  introduced  that  characterize  the  structural  and  structural-parametric  perfection  of  the system.

RELEVANCE. The possibility of predicting the operating conditions of individual elements of high-temperature  technological  units  of  petrochemical  industries  even  at  the  design  or  modernization stage  is  relevant  for  many  reasons.  THE  PURPOSE.  Carrying  out  numerical  studies  of  thermal parameters and features of the turbulent movement of flue gases in the radiative part of the hydrocarbon pyrolysis furnace with a central arrangement of coils with an asymmetric arrangement of burners of low thermal  power  on  the  side  lined  walls  and  on the  vault of  the  chamber. Such  furnaces  are  used  to produce  lower  olefins,  which  are  the  primary  products  for  the  production of  synthetic  resins, rubbers,  plastics  and  fibers.  METHODS.  In  the  radiant  chamber  of  the  furnace,  interrelated processes  of  combustion  of  gaseous  fuel,  turbulent  flow  of  combustion  products,  radiant-convective heat exchange and cracking reactions of hydrocarbons in tubular coils occur with the  formation  of  a  mixture  of  light  hydrocarbons rich  in  olefins. The  formation  of  pyrolysis products of hydrocarbons becomes essential when the temperature of the vapor-gas mixture in tubular reactors is within 800-855  oC in the presence of dilution steam.. The heat required for this  will  be  obtained mainly  due  to  the  thermal  radiation  of  the  combustion  products  and  the hot  lined  surfaces  of  the  radiation  chamber.  The  physical  processes  taking  place  in  the combustion  chamber  are  modeled  by  two-dimensional  equations  of  the  model  gorenje hydrocarbons in the air, energy transfer by radiation and equations of motion. The package of applied programs is used, which is based on the numerical solution of the mentioned system of transfer equations. As a result of numerical studies, the velocity and temperature fields of flue gases  formed  during  the  combustion  of  a  fuel  gas  mixture  in  the  furnace  chamber  of  a  tube furnace  were  constructed.  In his  work,  it  is  assumed  that  on  one  side  wall  of  the  radiation chamber, wall burners in the amount of 64 pieces are placed in eight horizontal rows, and on the  other  wall  of  the  chamber,  the  same  burners  are  installed  in  seven  tiers  and  one  row  of burners  on  the  vault of  the  chamber.  The  combustion products  emanating  from  these burners form  complex  velocity  and  temperature  fields  in  the  volume  in  both  halves  of  the  radiation chamber. RESULTS.  As  a  result  of  numerical  calculations,  the  fields  of  temperature  and  flue gas velocities in both parts of the radiation chamber are constructed. The temperatures of the inner  surfaces  of  the  lining  walls  are  calculated.  The  distributions  of  the  surface  densities  of radiant  heat  fluxes  to  the  reaction  pipes  along  the  height  of  the  pyrolysis  furnace  of  the propane-butane  fraction  are  determined.  Comparisons  of  some  of  the  results  obtained  were carried out for cases when all burners are installed only on the side walls of the chamber and with  the  above  arrangement  of  burners. CONCLUSION.  Calculations  show  that  the  use  of  a large  number  of  low-power  wall  burners  leads  to  the  emergence  of  complex  velocity  and temperature fields in the radiation chambers of tubular furnaces. At the same time, the spread of temperature values in the volume of the furnace chamber is much smaller than for the case when  all  burners  of  higher  power  are  installed  only  on the  vault  and  on  the  hearth  of  the furnace. By changing the location of the tiers of burners, it is possible to achieve a relatively uniform supply of heat to the heated product along the length of the pyro coil.