RELEVANCE this study is based on the need for the practical implementation of the national state strategy for environmental development, which allows for the functioning of the main sectors of the economy with low greenhouse gas emissions, taking into account global climate change, for a gradual transition to full carbon neutrality. Environmental protection policy in the field of environmental protection is aimed at limiting the entry of greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere through the development and improvement of organizational and technological measures. Thus, based on the formed strategy, energy enterprises can participate in conducting an experiment on quotas for emissions of pollutants in order to determine the standards for permissible greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere for boiler installations of thermal power plants.

PURPOSE. The paper analyzes the legislative framework, regulatory and technical documents and methodological approaches to setting standards and evaluating technological indicators of greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere for boiler plants.

METHODS. Calculations of carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere during the operation of boiler installations of thermal power plants using coal and natural gas as fuel (options) are performed in accordance with methodological recommendations based on balance equations. Mass and specific carbon dioxide emissions have been determined for the most common types of coal and natural gas used at Russian thermal power plants.

RESULTS. Taking into account the composition and lower heat of combustion of fuel, input thermal power (50 MW or more) and thermal efficiency indicators of thermal power plants of various types, mass and specific carbon dioxide emissions in terms of a ton of natural and conventional fuel are calculated.

CONCLUSION. The obtained research results can be used at energy enterprises and thermal power plants in the development of a program to improve environmental efficiency and justify participation in a state experiment on emission quotas, including a gradual transition to full carbon neutrality of the energy production process.

THE RELEVANCE of the research lies in expanding the technical capabilities of location monitoring of overhead power lines by developing a method for connecting location equipment to them in the absence of standard high-frequency processing of lines.

TARGET. Consider the problems of connecting location monitoring equipment to the lightning arrester cable of overhead power lines to input a probing pulse signal and observe reflected signals, while ensuring the electrical safety conditions of the system. Compare the efficiency of location monitoring with a standard connection of the locator to a phase wire through high-frequency processing of the line and when connected to a line lightning arrester cable. Carry out a study of the conditions for location monitoring of power lines in various grounding modes of the lightning arrester cable. Investigate the possibility of operating a locator through a lightning arrester cable to detect faults on the line by observing the signal reflected from the fault location.

METHODS. The assigned tasks were solved by modeling. A simulation model of standard high-frequency processing of overhead power lines with a voltage of 35–750 kV was used in the PSCAD software environment. The model has the ability to connect location monitoring equipment to phase wires and lightning arrester cable, and record signals both at the beginning and at the end of the power line. By exciting a pulse signal in one wire of the line, due to inductive coupling, the signals propagate along all phase wires and the lightning arrester cable.

RESULTS. The article substantiates the relevance of the topic and examines the features of the influence of various grounding modes of the lightning arrester cable on the efficiency of location monitoring of the line. A comparison was made of the experimental signals of location monitoring of power lines, with a standard connection of the locator to a phase wire through high-frequency processing of the line, with the signals of a simulation model when connecting the locator to phase wires and to a lightning arrester cable.

CONCLUSION. The introduction of technology for location monitoring of power lines using lightning arrester cable will increase the reliability of substations in Russia and substations in neighboring countries. At the same time, due to the additional organization of location monitoring on power lines that do not have high-frequency processing, the number of controlled substations will be significantly increased. The substations will be provided with modern diagnostic equipment, in the form of an intelligent location system for monitoring power lines, which increases the uninterrupted operation of their operation under normal and extreme operating conditions.

THE RELEVANCE of the research lies in the need to improve existing control systems for industrial mechanisms with minimal investment in reconstruction, as well as the demand for reliable control systems, the use of which can increase the service life of the device as a whole.

THE PURPOSE. To develop a simple and at the same time effective control system for an industrial facility that allows damping vibrations of a flexible load. On overhead cranes, one of the mechanisms for moving cargo around the workshop is the trolley mechanism. The overhead crane trolley is used to move cargo along the bridge span, and the transported cargo can have either a rigid or flexible suspension. The use of a flexible suspension leads to vibrations in the form of rocking of the moved load. These vibrations are a negative phenomenon that has a negative impact on the mechanical structure of the crane and on the electrical control system of the electric drive of the trolley. An asynchronous motor with a squirrel-cage rotor is installed on the mechanism under consideration; based on the research carried out, a vector system was selected to control it, into which, in order to suppress load fluctuations, it was proposed to introduce a controller operating on the basis of fuzzy logic. The proposed fuzzy controller adjusts the engine speed depending on the angle of deflection of the flexible load; its uniqueness lies in its ease of implementation and the minimum number of control signals. Regulators of this type have proven themselves well, as they have high speed, good response in dynamics, and allow optimization of the control system by indirectly determining parameters.

METHODS. During the study, mathematical modeling techniques were used to solve the identified problems. The study of the control system was carried out in the MATLAB modeling environment in the Simulink subsystem.

RESULTS. The article reflects the significance of the research topic and discusses the available methods for damping vibrations of a flexible load. For the study, a system was developed containing a subsystem whose functions include tracking the dynamics of the movement of the cart and cargo. This article proposes a control controller operating on the basis of fuzzy logic rules. The controller is simple to implement, has one control signal, while fuzzy logic allows you to flexibly configure the control system, which makes it possible to obtain the required control characteristics.

CONCLUSION. Simulation of the trolley operation process in the MATLAB Simulink environment took place with a change in the mass of the load and the length of the suspension; the analysis of all modeling options led to the conclusion that the proposed controller based on fuzzy logic makes it possible to dampen load fluctuations for various initial parameters.

RELEVANCE of research is the most preferred method of efficient rotor synchronous motor with some magnets. Currently, synchronous electric motors with ethereal magnets are increasingly used in various fields. For each task, it is necessary to implement s synchronous electric motor with small magnets with desire (torque, emotional cooling and many others). In order to make the most efficient use of a synchronized motor with universal magnets, methods are applied. TARGET. The usual methods of standard design of a synchronous motor with original magnets are aimed at determining the optimal parapets to be applied by changing them at a given value using indicative algorithms. The application of this approach is limited by parameterization, which is determined by the experience of the designer and manufacturing constraints. At present, the development of technologies for the production of metals and magnets, it has become possible to manufacture metals and detect magnets of various geometric shapes. It is this use of the topological estimation method. At present, topological modernization of large-scale construction, the application of topological strategy in the design of synchronous electric motors with federal magnets is only now gaining rapid development.

METHODS. When solving the tasks set, a comparative analysis of various merged for comparative analysis of various methods for comparing the rotors of synchronous electrical motors with natural magnets was carried out.

RESULTS. The article describes the relevance of the topic under consideration. The most effective methods for optimizing the rotors of synchronous electrical motors with permanent magnets are determines. The conditions under which the application of one or another method oh optimizing the rotor is most effective are determined.

CONCLUSION. The article describes various method for optimizing the rotors of permanent magnet synchronous motors. The pros and cons of various optimization methods are described after studying various types of optimizations, it was concluded that the most effective optimization method is the topology optimization method for rotors of permanent magnets synchronous motors.

RELEVANCE: The main directions of modern energy development include the use of distributed small-scale generation and various facilities based on them with integration into existing distribution electric networks of centralized power supply, as well as the digitalization of such facilities and technologies for their design, personnel training.

THE PURPOSE: The possibility and effectiveness of using the Minigrid mode and control simulator (a simulator for learning mode management and training operational personnel) as a means of solving a number of design tasks when creating small-scale generation facilities and integrating them into centralized power supply networks to obtain integral indicators of its effectiveness is being investigated.

METHODS: Simulation modeling of normal and emergency modes of «Minigrid» is used on an annual time interval using a digital simulator developed at NSTU. The modes are set by daily load graphs, disturbances by stochastic characteristics. The operational, emergency and operational control of the network circuit and generation is modeled, taking into account the possibilities of autonomous and parallel operation of the Minigrid with an external power system, followed by the calculation of integrated indicators of the technical efficiency of design solutions for generating equipment options and mode control methods.

RESULTS: Using the example of a typical Minigrid, various design tasks are considered, in solving which, according to uniform efficiency indicators, it is possible to evaluate and select the preferred configuration of the local power supply system. In particular, the dependences of the annual undersupply of electricity and the utilization factor of the installed generating capacity of the power plant on the number and capacity of its power units, the operating modes of the Minigrid at a given daily load schedule are obtained. The possibility of expanding the scope of the digital simulator of «Minigrid» modes is demonstrated.

CONCLUSION: The results obtained indicate the effectiveness of using the simulator to solve a number of design tasks when creating a Minigrid. The developed digital simulator of «Minigrid» modes, in addition to learning how to manage modes, can be used as a unified tool for analysis and decision-making at the stage of design alternatives.

RELEVANCE. The increase in the share of high nonlinear loads in power systems, causing non-sinusoidal currents and voltages, leads to negative technical consequences and economic losses for the power system and non-distorting consumers. Currently, there are no practical recommendations on choosing the lengths of power lines for supplying high nonlinear loads considering their negative impact on power quality indicators.

THE PURPOSE. The study analyzes the conditions for the occurrence of harmonic resonant overvoltages in a power supply scheme of a nonlinear load. METHODS. The main methods used for the study include the compilation of equivalent diagrams of the electrical network elements and calculation of currents and voltages in lumped-element circuits. The Fourier series decomposition is applied to analyze non-sinusoidal currents and voltages. Using simulation models in MATLAB Simulink environment, the conditions for the occurrence of higher harmonic resonances at different lengths of 35, 110, and 220 kV power transmission lines and different power ratings of the power system are determined.

RESULTS. Calculated resonant lengths of overhead power lines 35-220 kV, supplying a nonlinear load, at which resonant overvoltages occur in the electrical network on higher harmonics with numbers from 3 to 49, were obtained. The resonant lengths of power transmission lines on particular harmonics were determined taking into account the impact of the power supply system reactance. The obtained combinations of resonant line lengths and system reactances are proposed to be considered in the design of external power supply schemes for nonlinear loads to eliminate harmonic overvoltages. The calculations in this study provided an explanation for the abnormal levels of currents and voltages of the 35^th and 37^th harmonics in the external power supply scheme of an aluminum plant.

CONCLUSION. Practical recommendations are given for choosing the lengths of 35-220 kV power transmission lines in power supply systems with high nonlinear loads to eliminate resonant overvoltages. The results of determining the resonant lengths of power transmission lines agree with the data from measuring experiments in an operating power system.

THE PURPOSE of the study is to study the problem of switching overvoltages in 10 kV generator networks. Using the Matlab Simulink package, create a model of common auxiliaries of a 10/0.4 kV power station, calculate the overvoltage at different sections of the current, evaluate the effect of vacuum switches on each other, evaluate the effectiveness of nonlinear overstrain limiters, with parallel switching.

THE SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE consists in obtaining a method for calculating transients with simultaneous switching of several switches. THE PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE lies in the possibility of using the resulting model for a more accurate selection of protective equipment.

METHODS. To create a model of common auxiliaries of 10/0.4 kV and the calculations of transition processes, it used a Matlab Simulink package. RESULTS. The article discusses switching overvoltages in their own needs of 10/0.4 kV. The influence of parallel switching of vacuum circuit breakers on the increase in the multiplicity of overvoltages is estimated. The influence of the specific energy intensity of nonlinear surge limiters on the multiplicity of overvoltages was also evaluated.

CONCLUSION. This model showed that the parallel switching of two vacuum circuit breakers can increase the frequency of overvoltage by 20-40 %, which can lead to an increase in wear of both insulation of the protected equipment and the probability of re-breakdown in a vacuum chamber. Moreover, the higher the current cut, the higher the increase in the frequency of the overstrain, the multiplicity will also increase if the shutdown time between the switches is reduced. The main means of protection against switching overvoltages is a non -linear overstrain limiter, but when they are selected, the nominal working voltage is primarily taken into account, which leads to the fact that the increase in the frequency of overstrain from parallel switching can level the effectiveness of a nonlinear limiter.

THE RELEVANCE. The gas processing industry is quite energy intensive and requires significant energy costs to carry out its activities. Finding ways to improve the energy efficiency of enterprises in this industry is a necessary and urgent task. THE PURPOSE. Identification of opportunities to improve the energy efficiency of the operation of existing industrial furnaces of a gas processing enterprise with the development of energy-saving measures.

METHODS. To achieve this goal, a study of existing industrial furnaces of a gas processing enterprise was conducted for the possibility of useful use of low-potential heat of outgoing flue gases. A feasibility study of the proposed energy-saving measures has been carried out.

RESULTS. The analysis of the enterprise revealed a low efficiency of technological furnaces. The reasons for the low efficiency are the overestimated excess air coefficient and the high temperature of the exhaust flue gases. The following directions for improving the efficiency of furnaces are proposed: utilization of the thermal energy of flue gases and maintenance of the excess air coefficient at the regulatory level.

CONCLUSION. The calculated energy saving potential with a decrease in the temperature of outgoing flue gases to 160 ° C was 82348.8 Gcal, and with a decrease in the excess air coefficient to the standard 5% - 8986 Gcal. In total, this amount will amount to about 23% of the total heat generation by industrial furnaces. The proposed energy-saving measures will make it possible to utilize the thermal energy of flue gases and reduce the excess air coefficient in order to achieve a standard fuel/air ratio. The effect of the proposed measures will amount to 79694 Gcal, which is about 20% of the total heat generation by industrial furnaces.

RELEVANCE. Agricultural enterprises generate vegetable waste, which is difficult to utilize. Such waste can be used for combustion in boilers, providing thermal and electric energy to an agricultural energy complex. A hybrid mini-thermal power plant combining renewable energy sources and plant biofuels will be able to provide more economical, environmentally friendly and reliable supplies of heat and electricity under any demand conditions compared to using one of these systems.

OBJECTIVE. Determination of fuel consumption during combustion of various types of vegetative agricultural waste in a hybrid mini-thermal power plant with parallel connection of solar energy concentrators under conditions of solar insolation of the Republic of Tatarstan.

METHODS. The article considers the chemical composition and characteristics of various types of plant waste from agriculture. The average total energy consumption load of an agricultural enterprise has been determined. RESULTS. To determine the consumption of biofuels for the operation of the KE10-14CO boiler, the calculation of the theoretical volumes of combustion products and the thermal calculation of the boiler were carried out. The need for auxiliary fuel at mini-thermal power plants with parallel connection of solar energy concentration plants has been determined. The calculation of the heat collected by the solar collector has been performed.

CONCLUSION. The use of solar energy concentrators when connected in parallel with a biofuel boiler makes it possible to evenly supply energy to the enterprise and form biofuel reserves. Calculations have shown that the use of hybrid biomass combustion plants and solar collectors helps to reduce fuel consumption.

In a number of cases, for example, when choosing the design of the exit part of a chimney, when taking into account the characteristics of the underlying surface and meteorological characteristics of the area, or as a means of verifying variant calculations in the ANSYS environment, a study of the trajectory of the smoke plume in natural conditions is required. One of the simplest, most convenient and cheapest ways to determine a trajectory is to photograph it and then decipher it. So, for example, a vertical chimney, if the direction of the camera is raised above the horizon, and the chimney is not located in the center of the photo, it looks inclined in the photo. This means that at the top of the image and at the bottom there are different horizontal linear scales of the image. The angle at which the camera was installed can also be calculated from the photograph. In addition, the same vertical height interval occupies a smaller length in the upper part of the pipe and a larger one in the lower part. This means that in the upper part of the image and in the lower part there are different vertical linear scales of the image. It is also necessary to take into account the fact that objects of the same size have different sizes in the picture. The further away an object is located, the less space it takes up in the photo. Thus, in order to calculate the trajectory of a smoke plume from a photograph, we need to know the orientation of the main optical axis during the photograph and the distance to the photograph plane, which we choose perpendicular to the main optical axis and passing through the object, from which we can determine the initial average linear scales, and the direction smoke plume spread.

TARGET. Development of a new, simpler method for recalculating the trajectory of a smoke plume from a chimney using available Google maps to calculate the original scales in a photograph.

METHODOLOGY Allows you to trace the entire sequence of actions from determining the coordinates of the shooting point to recalculating the coordinates of the selected points of the torch boundaries in the photograph relative to the emission source onto an orthogonal plane.

RESULTS. A new method for calculating the trajectory of a smoke plume from a single photograph has been developed, the accuracy of which was tested using known sizes in the original objects, and which turned out to be higher than that previously used for these purposes.

RELEVANCE. This article proposes a mathematical model for calculating the temperature field in the annular porous layer of an downhole reactor during continuous heating of a bottomhole zone containing high-viscosity oil (VVN) and natural bitumen (PB). The heating process is considered endless. purpose.

OBJECT. To solve this problem, it is necessary to use the proposed mathematical model. To obtain a temperature profile in a porous layer under constant heating with heat outflow.

METHODS. The equations of the mathematical model are based on the laws of conservation of energy and mass, analytical methods of the theory of differential equations, methods of the theory of similarity and dimensions, as well as numerical methods for solving boundary value problems are used for their study and evaluation.

RESULTS. During the study, the dependences of the distance at which the set temperature in the reactor is reached were found to be directly proportional to the mass flow rate, the linear density of the heat flux and the heat capacity of the mixture.

CONCLUSION. The mathematical model shows how the temperature in the annular porous layer inside the reactor changes with endless heating and heat outflow.

RELEVANCE of the study is determined by the fact that vertical conical diffusers are used as auxiliary devices in many technical applications in various industries (chemical industry, power engineering, technological devices, etc.).

THE PURPOSE. The influence of the method (design) of air supply, the cross-sectional shape of the supply channels and nozzle tubes on the gas-dynamic structure of the flow in a vertical diffuser for different flow characteristics was assessed.

METHODS. The structure (distribution) of the flow inside a vertical diffuser for supplying air using different designs of supply channels was studied on an experimental bench. Based on the thermal imaging method, the flow structure in a vertical diffuser was studied. In this study, two methods of supplying air to a vertical diffuser were studied: supplying air through one straight channel from the bottom and nozzle supplying air through four tubes. The channels and nozzles had cross sections in the shape of a circle, square and triangle. Accordingly, the influence of six air supply designs into a vertical diffuser and their influence on the gas-dynamic flow structure were studied.

RESULTS. The experiments were carried out under stationary air flow conditions in the diffuser for air flow rates from 0.015 to 0.06 m³/s. The Reynolds number for the air flow at the outlet of the supply channel was in the range from 42500 to 150000. Thermograms of the flow structure in a vertical diffuser were obtained for different methods of air supply for different flow characteristics.

CONCLUSION. Features of the flow structure in a vertical diffuser with traditional air supply from below through one channel consist in the formation of a pronounced central air flow along the vertical axis of the diffuser when using all channel configurations. In this case, the cross-sectional shape of the supply channel has a significant impact on the flow structure in the conical diffuser. Features of the flow structure in a vertical diffuser with nozzle air supply through four tubes are the absence of stagnant zones and a central air flow along the axis. At the same time, the use of square and triangular nozzle tubes leads to a more uniform distribution of air flow throughout the entire volume of the vertical diffuser.

The RELEVANCE of the study lies in obtaining approximate analytical and numerical solutions for the problem of estimating the thermal state of thermal power equipment elements, such as thermal storage units and promising chemical reactors.

The PURPOSE is to investigate the behavior of stationary solutions of heat conduction equations system in a space domain with internal heat release; to determine the conditions for the start and completion of melting, as well as the dependence of these conditions on the intensity of radiant heat loss at the outer boundary; to study the influence of individual factors on the phase boundary position.

METHODS. Numerical methods are used: for a known type of solution, the coefficients are determined in such a way that the boundary conditions (in the general case, nonlinear) are satisfied. Newton's method is used to find the coefficients.

RESULTS. The relationships between heat transfer parameters (convective and radiant heat transfer coefficients) and the phase transition boundary position in a cylindrical sample are obtained. These dependences allow to determine the critical values of the heat release intensity corresponding to the beginning of the sample melting (appearance of the liquid phase) and the complete sample melting (reaching the melting temperature at the outer boundary). These dependencies are compared with approximate formulas to assess the range of applicability of the latter.

CONCLUSION. The presented calculations give the conditions for the beginning and end of melting of the heat-generating material. The conditions for complete melting of the sample can be determined accurately. The conditions for the onset of melting are obtained in the form of a nonlinear equation, the only physical (i.e., real and positive) root of which gives the critical value of the heat release intensity. In a linear approximation, a simplified formula can be obtained that relates the critical value of heat release intensity to radiant heat loss.

Despite the large volume of large-panel and monolithic construction in modern cities, the level of aesthetic requirements for house construction using new finishing building materials also leads to an increase in the demand for ceramic bricks. To solve the problem of the national project “affordable housing” it is necessary to increase the production of locally produced ceramic bricks. To do this, it is necessary to modernize existing brick factories or build new ones. In this case, it is desirable to use new technologies and production methods that ensure the quality of the produced bricks. The properties of bricks are mainly formed during the firing process, which at the same time is the most complex and heat-intensive production stage. The required quality of building ceramics largely depends on ensuring a certain temperature distribution during the firing process while moving cars with bricks along the tunnel kiln. Therefore, work devoted to ensuring the required temperature distribution in different zones of tunnel furnaces with different placements of gas burners is relevant from a practical point of view.

THE PURPOSE of the work is to experimentally determine the temperature in different places of the tunnel furnace volume during the movement of the car in the operating furnace.

METHOD. Temperature sensors with remote information transmission were placed on the brick cages of a carriage moving along the kiln, the signals from which were recorded by a multi-channel meter during the entire firing cycle. The measurement results are presented in the form of graphs of temperature dependences from various sensors depending on the time of the firing process. Based on the results of the experiments, conclusions were drawn regarding improving the quality of heat treatment of bricks and reducing production defects.