RELEVANCE of this study lies in the computational justification of the choice of the installation location of a multipoint sampling probe in the measuring section of the flue of boiler plants of energy enterprises and thermal power plants that have a significant negative impact of emissions on the environment, in order to increase the reliability and representativeness of
instrumental measurements during industrial environmental control (PEC) of polluting emissions (PE).

   PURPOSE. Improving the environmental safety of thermal power plants in the current conditions of the introduction of state principles of technological regulation of emissions is associated with the establishment of technological emission indicators for each source of atmospheric pollution at energy enterprises with a significant negative impact on the environment. In this regard, energy enterprises should carry out round-the-clock monitoring of PE, which requires reliable instrumental control of the content of marker substances in the combustion products of power boilers by determining a representative sampling point on the flue or chimney of an energy boiler installation.

   METHODS. The paper uses methods of computer simulation of gas dynamics to determine the local fields of concentration of PE and flow velocity and assess their unevenness in the flue of an energy boiler. RESULTS. Using the example of an operating energy boiler plant of a thermal power plant, a control section of the flue was determined to ensure industrial environmental control of marker substances in the combustion products of organic fuels. The average values of the concentration of PE and the flow rate of combustion products of local fields in the calculated sections and their values on the longitudinal axis of the boiler flue are determined, and their uneven distribution is estimated.

   CONCLUSION. The obtained research results can be used at energy enterprises and thermal power plants to justify the choice of a control representative measuring section for conducting a PEC, and to develop an environmental efficiency improvement program (EEIP).

   PURPOSE. Study of the features of hydrobiological characteristics of zoobenthos development under conditions of an operating fish protection structure of a water-air curtain (WAC ) type at an energy facility.

   METHODS. Hydrobiological material on the qualitative and quantitative composition of zoobenthos in the water intake area of the Zainskaya State District Power Plant was collected, processed and analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the level of development of the biofouling agent - Dreissena, and the acclimating species, the Khanka shrimp. A comparative analysis of our own research and literature data on hydrobiological indicators of water quality according to the level of development of zoobenthos in the area of a fish protection structure such as a water-air curtain was carried out. The material was processed using generally accepted hydrobiological methods in the laboratory of the Department of Aquatic Bioresources and Aquaculture of Kazan State Power Engineering University.

   RESULTS. It is shown that a fish protection device like a water-air curtain (WAC) is a technical solution that, in the process of operation, changes the physical and chemical characteristics of the state of the ecosystem, especially in the bottom layer and soil, thereby shaping the characteristics of zoobenthos. It was revealed that a fish protection structure (FPS) like a water-air curtain does not reduce the species diversity of zoobenthos It has been shown that the WAC zone does not prevent the reproduction of Dreissena, but leads to a decrease in their numbers from 2 to 5 times compared to FPS with mesh cassettes, which increases the environmental significance of the WAC from the standpoint of combating biofouling on hydraulic structures.

   CONCLUSION. Observations of the state of the ecosystem in the area of operation of the water-air curtain and assessment of water quality based on zoobenthos indicators revealed high water quality in the area where the water-air curtain operates and an improvement in the ecological situation.

   RELEVANCE of the study comes from the understanding of the necessity of continuous development of toxicological analysis. Since The simplest organisms are used in toxicological analysis as bioindicators, the reactions of which to the presence of certain pollutants will always differ, the only way to assess the usefulness of a bioindicators as a tool is to study its behavior under specific tasks. Biondicators differ in their metabolic properties, in particular, in the ways of obtaining energy from the presence of molecular oxygen in the environment. However, it is assumed that the presence of different concentrations of oxygen in the environment affects the behavior of the simplest organisms, which, in its turn, can affect the results of toxicological analysis. Previously, this effect has not been studied.

   THE PURPOSE. The research of the effect of dissolved oxygen on toxicity indices obtained using of bacteria Escherichia coli (Migula) Castellani and Chalmers and ciliates Paramecium caudatum Ehrenberg,

   METHODS. Obtaining indices of toxicity is given with different concentrations of dissolved oxygen in the environment, which are distilled water and Bonaqua brand water, by the bioluminescent reaction of bacteria and chemotactic reaction of ciliates.

   RESULTS. With an increase in the concentration of dissolved oxygen in the environment, the bioluminescence of bacteria increases, therefore, the toxicity index decreases. No effect on ciliates is observed.

   CONCLUSION. It can be concluded that dissolved oxygen does not affect the biotest analysis using ciliates. When using bacteria as a test organism, an error occurs in the toxicity index.

   THE PURPOSE. Consider the issue of automation of modern sea vessels with a high degree of electrification. The purpose of the study is to analyze the electrical power system of the AION tanker to determine the possible occurrence of abnormal phenomena during parallel operation of generator sets and methods for eliminating them.

   METHODS. The article analyzes the electrical power system and automatic control devices of the AION tanker. Particular attention is paid to the study of systems that ensure the production and distribution of electrical energy between consumers. The widespread use of modern computer-based automatic control systems in ship power plants has been noted. The extensive possibilities for controlling a ship's electrical power plant in various daily or emergency situations are shown. The software and hardware of the ship's Power Management System allows you to reduce the consumption of fuel, oil and other important resources by automatically regulating the load on diesel generators, timing the supply of fuel to the cylinders, and controlling exhaust and starting valves.

   RESULTS. Experimental oscillograms of studies of the parallel operation of diesel generator sets were obtained, in which power exchange oscillations were recorded. The amplitude of power exchange oscillations reaches 40 % of the steady-state value, and their period is 600 - 800 ms, depending on the operating mode of the ship's electrical power system. During the
collection of these oscillograms, the ship's load is turned on and no starts or stops of any powerful consumers are made, that is, a quasi-steady process takes place.

   CONCLUSION. It is proposed to introduce a function for eliminating power exchange oscillations into the ship power plant control system. To implement it, it is necessary to add a block that receives information from all parallel operating diesel generator sets and adaptively adjusts the settings of the frequency regulators.

   The use of renewable energy sources is the only way to avoid emissions from energy production and to decide pollution of ecology. Despite the fact that renewable energy has become clean energy, which called green energy, the issue of using it is quite difficult for the control and regulate the energy system. Efficient use of renewable energy requires information on primary sources. If looking case of large-scale integration, this requirement will be significantly felt. Thus, to ensure the normal operating modes of the energy system, it is necessary to predict the generation of renewable sources with an acceptable error.

   PURPOSE. To forecast the generation of wind farms.

   METHODS. This study is carried out by ensemble algorithms, such as Random Forest, AdaBoost and XGBoost, which are one of the machine learning approaches. The software implementation is made using the Python programming language. As initial inputs historical data on windspeed and generating of some windfarms in Mongolia by 2019-2021 were used.

   RESULTS. The proposed method predicted daily production schedules at three wind farms with an error of 2.4 to 3.4 MW or 5.0 to 7.0 percent of the installed capacity of the corresponding wind farm. Also, normalized MAE was 12,3 to 13.3 percent.

   CONCLUSIONS. Ensemble methods of machine learning made it possible to determine non-linear and non-stationary dependencies of the time series, and also can be implemented in the problem of predicting the daily production schedule. Increasing the accuracy of wind energy forecasting will affect positively the operation and planning of the power systems.

   RELEVANCE. The large proliferation of various nonlinear loads has led to serious power-quality related problems in power systems. THE PURPOSE. In this paper, we consider design procedure of broadband passive filters with flat frequency characteristics.

   METHODS. A general method for optimally design the arbitrary order broadband passive filters (BBF) is considered. The base structure of BBF has the form of resistively loaded reactive two-port. Conditions of low fundamental frequency loss and required filer selectivity have been determined. The BBF design procedure minimizes the grid total current distortion and takes into account the power system performance.

   RESULTS. New broadband passive filter scheme are proposed. Compensating performances of different BBF configurations are discussed. Case studies demonstrated that proposed scheme can filter characteristic and damp non-characteristic harmonic simultaneously.

   CONCLUSION. The results show that proposed broadband damping filters are the effective instrument for the power quality normalization in industrial power systems.

   THE PURPOSE. Increased water consumption at power plants leads to a deterioration of the environmental situation not only in countries with limited water supply sources, but also in countries with significant reserves of fresh water. There is a need to consider the possibility of using an air condenser as an alternative use in industrial water supply systems at a power plant. To present a methodology for calculating the main characteristics of a condenser (condensation and reflux sections), to estimate the aerodynamic resistance and fan power for an air-cooled condenser as part of a steam turbine power unit. Determine the influence of air temperature and pressure in the condenser on the calculation of the air condenser. To develop recommendations for the selection of parameters of air condensers operating as part of steam turbine power units.

   METHODS. Methods for designing heat exchangers, modeling and intensifying heat exchange processes were used in the course of calculating an air condenser unit.

   RESULTS. A method for calculating an air-cooled condenser for a 110 MW condensing turbine has been developed. The analysis of the calculation of the heat transfer coefficient is given. The analysis of the values of the heat exchange area of the condensing unit is presented. The effect of pressure in the condenser on the main calculated characteristics of the condenser is shown. Recommendations for the selection of the fan capacity in the condenser and the design temperature of the cooling air have been developed.

   CONCLUSION. The issue of using air coolers in the power industry is still poorly covered in the literature, however, environmental problems and the shortage of fresh water are becoming more and more urgent all over the world. The development of air-cooling systems is a very topical issue for modern power engineering. It is shown that for stationary installations of condensation of water vapor, the most suitable is the hipped-roof arrangement of the heat-exchange sections with the lower arrangement of the fans. Quantitative estimates of the change in the heat transfer coefficient and the area of the heat-exchange surface are given for the pressure range of 8…20 kPa. The power consumption of the fan depends significantly on the temperature of the cooling air and the vacuum in the condenser.

   THE PURPOSE. To justify the need to transfer boiler houses from fuel oil to furnace domestic fuel.

   METHODS. Comparative studies of the main indicators of the quality of fuel oil and domestic heating oil (DHO) (heat of combustion, kinematic viscosity, flash point, pour point, ash content, humidity, sulfur content) were carried out. The environmental parameters of pollutants formed during the combustion of fuel oil and domestic stove fuel are calculated and compared with the values regulated by the EkoNiP 17.01.06-001-2017 "Environmental protection and nature management. Requirements of environmental safety" and TCU 17.02-XX-2019 "Environmental protection and nature management".

   RESULTS. As a result of comparative studies of the main indicators of the quality of fuel oil and furnace household fuel (PBT), it was shown that combustion in PBT boilers in comparison with fuel oil is preferable in terms of environmental consequences in terms of emissions into the atmosphere. As a result of the comparative analysis, it was found that during the transition from fuel oil to furnace household fuel, compliance with the basic environmental standards regulated by these regulatory documents is ensured by reducing by 70 times the amount of sulfur dioxide released into the atmospheric air during 10 days of burning furnace household fuel, as well as reducing the concentration of this type of emission by 72.5 times. When switching from fuel oil to furnace household fuel, pollution and equipment wear are also reduced due to the ash content index for furnace household fuel being 7 times lower than that of fuel oil, as well as a 2-fold reduction in the formation of soot and 70-fold reduction in sulfur dioxide during ten-day use of a new reserve type of fuel.

   CONCLUSION. Thus, as a result of experimental and calculated studies, it was shown that combustion in DHO boilers in comparison with fuel oil is preferable in terms of environmental consequences in terms of emissions into the atmosphere, reducing corrosion, stopping boilers for repairs, reducing fuel heating costs to facilitate transportation, reducing steam and fuel costs. When switching from fuel oil to furnace household fuel, pollution and equipment wear are also reduced due to the ash content index for furnace household fuel that is 7 times lower than that of fuel oil, as well as a 2-fold reduction in the formation of soot and 70-fold reduction in sulfur dioxide during ten-day use of a new reserve type of fuel.

   RELEVANCE. In Russia there are a large number of large and small boiler houses that supply steam and hot water to industrial enterprises. Today, more than 70% of boiler houses require serious modernization, the options for which can be different. Research into the area of modernization and reconstruction of boiler houses in the country is important, since most of the equipment has exhausted its service life, and the need for heat supply is increasing due to the increase in industrial output.

   TARGET. Consideration of one of the options for modernization and reconstruction of a specific boiler house.

   METHODS. When considering the option, the steam-water heating boiler developed by the Taganrog Boiler Plant and well-known methods for expanding energy enterprises were taken as the basis.

   RESULTS. The article describes the relevance of the topic, presents an option for modernizing a hot water boiler, which makes it possible to operate the boiler in a combined mode, which allows solving steam reserve issues in the short term, and also presents an option for expanding the boiler room.

   CONCLUSIONS. The option of reconstructing and modernizing an industrial heating boiler house with its expansion and transfer of hot water boilers to steam mode is an opportunity to solve the growing production need for process steam.

   RELEVANCE. The insufficiently wide scope of gas turbine plants (GTP) is associated with the lack of widespread availability of gas pipelines supplying the main fuel – natural gas. Interest in alternative fuels and the search for the most suitable ones in order to switch from traditional energy sources has increased intensively over time. Currently, there are methods of gasification of solid fuels that expand not only the possibilities of using the fuel itself, but also pushing the boundaries of the applicability of GTP both in terms of production specialization and geographical location. Coal is the most affordable energy resource in the world, due to its prevalence, but its limited use in modern energy facilities is due to the worldwide policy of decarbonization of energy. Coal gasification makes it possible to increase energy characteristics and reduce emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere when using coal.

   PURPOSE. Determination of the efficiency and expediency of using generator gas obtained from coal in gas turbine plant, as well as consideration of the possibility of its modernization.

   METHODS. To achieve set goal, an automated system of gas dynamic calculations of energy turbomachines (AS GDCET) will be used, which will calculate a mathematical model of a gas turbine installation and conduct numerical studies when characteristics change, as well as using a module for approximating the component composition of fuel. The research is carried out when the electric load of a gas turbine plant of the NK-16-18 ST type changes in the range from 15 to 18 MW.

   RESULTS. According to the results of the study, the dependences of the total hourly and specific fuel consumption, effective efficiency, temperature in the combustion chamber and at the outlet of the power turbine on changes in the electric load of the gas turbine installation were obtained. Having a lower calorific value, the expected synthesis gas reduces the electrical
efficiency of the gas turbine engine, which is expressed in a decrease in efficiency by 3-4.5 %. At the same time, fuel consumption increases by about 4-5 times, which depends on the component composition of the fuel. At the same time, the temperature values at the exhaust of the gas turbine change by 26-37 °C.

   CONCLUSION. The use of synthesis gas as fuel for a gas turbine plant can provide sufficient efficiency in generating electric energy, but its use is rational only in situations of absence or unavailability of traditional gaseous fuels. The development of gasification technologies will increase the efficiency of use and reduce the cost of synthesis gas production. This will allow the introduction of gasification technologies at existing facilities and expand the scope of synthesis gas applications, which will ensure increased interest in this area among potential investors.

   This article presents a system of automated monitoring and forecasting of the residual resource of pipeline transport, consisting of a developed and manufactured information and diagnostic complex for monitoring the technical condition of pipeline transport and software. Informative frequency ranges for monitoring the technical condition of pipeline transport are determined. Experimental studies have been conducted to confirm the effectiveness of the developed technical solution. The paper considers the problems of reliability of pipeline transport. The analysis of existing methods for assessing the technical condition of pipelines is carried out. A system of automated monitoring and forecasting of the residual resource of pipeline transport has been developed. Experimental studies have been conducted. The methods of circuit and simulation modeling, the theory of automatic control, experimental planning, decision-making, probabilistic and statistical methods of mathematical processing and the method of finite element analysis were used in the performance of the work. Based on the results
of the study, a new methodology for assessing the technical condition of pipeline transport has been developed.

THE RELEVANCE of the study lies in the need to use pyrolysis liquid from wood processing for combustion in boilers of medium and low power as part of mixtures with coal. The unpredictability of the ignition and combustion properties of such mixtures, as well as the lack of calculation methods, predetermined a predominantly experimental approach to the study of these processes. At the same time, for the widespread implementation of such technological solutions in practice, it is necessary to have relatively simple methods for assessing the ignition and combustion characteristics of these components. THE PURPOSE. Synthesize samples of pyrolysis liquid from two different sorts of wood and perform their characterization. Develop an experimental method for studying ignition and combustion characteristics of pyrolysis liquid mixed with low-reactivity coal. Perform research on ignition delay times and the composition of released gas-phase products. Determine the main mechanisms of action of the components in the mixture of low-grade coal with pyrolysis liquid they’re during ignition and combustion. METHODS. The study was carried out using an experimental technique based on a high-temperature muffle furnace equipped with a high-speed video camera and a once-through gas analyzer. RESULTS. The article presents the dependences of the ignition delay times and the concentration curves of gas-phase products released during combustion of mixtures of low-grade coal and two types of pyrolysis liquid in the temperature range of the heating medium 600-800 °C and additive concentrations from 0 to 20 wt.%. Linear approximation dependences of ignition delay times on additive concentrations were obtained, and the mechanism of action of the additive during combustion was formulated. CONCLUSION. It was found that an increase in the concentration of the additive in the mixture leads to a stable decrease in the ignition delay times, while the amount of gas-phase products formed varied additively with respect to the composition of the mixture. The shape of the concentration curves for the release of CO and NOx indicates the independent action of the components of the mixture. The mechanism of action of additives was proposed. It was based on significant contribution of their evaporation process followed by combustion in the gas phase, which, in turn, initiats the ignition of coal.

   PURPOSE. Review modern highly porous cellular heat exchangers.

   METHODS. We conducted a broad literature review on highly porous cellular structures used as heat exchangers. We studied both domestic and foreign literature.

   RESULTS. We analyzed highly porous heat exchangers of various structures: stochastic (foam with open and closed cells) and ordered (honeycombs and lattices). Methods for producing open/closed cell foams and additive technologies for producing honeycomb and lattice structures have been studied. The basic properties of highly porous structures are described. The factors influencing heat transfer and hydrodynamics in highly porous cellular heat exchangers are analyzed. A review of the
application areas of highly porous metal heat exchangers is carried out.

   CONCLUSION. Heat transfer and hydrodynamics in highly porous materials depend on structural parameters, such as porosity, cell size and geometry, diameter, and geometry of the strands. Increasing porosity and cell size leads to a decrease in heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop. Changing the cell geometry affects the specific surface area of the heat exchanger and the pressure drop. Cells with complex geometries, such as octet, have a large surface area and provide a high heat transfer coefficient but high resistance to coolant flow. Cells with simple geometries, such as a cube, on the other hand, provide low flow resistance and low heat transfer coefficient. In general, any structural parameter change affects heat transfer and hydrodynamics.

   PURPOSE. When organizing a mobile robot (MR) movement in a non-deterministic environment, the SLAM problem arises, which includes the detection of an obstacle presence by the MR sensor system, the distance to the obstacle and its shape. To solve this problem, an infrared (IR) analog distance sensor is often used, the information flow from which is relatively small and can be processed in real time using low-performance microcontrollers. However, such a sensor can only detect an obstacle and determine а distance to a certain point on its surface. The goal is to develop a method for determining both а distance to an obstacle and its shape. When setting up experiments on the use of an analog sensor of the GP2Y0A (SHARP) type, a problem was revealed associated with the occurrence of not only fluctuation noise in а data communication channel, but also artifacts – anomalous signal values appear with random periodicity. It is necessary to determine the source of such interference, propose a method for estimating its parameters and a way to minimize its influence.

   METHODS. To determine the shape of an obstacle, a differential method is proposed based on the use of several readings of a scanning IR distance sensor. As an indicator of the “noisiness” of the channel, it is proposed to use the number of sensor signal values that exceed the average signal value by 1σ, 2σ, 3σ, 4σ and 5σ. The use of standard methods for filtering abnormal values of a sensor signal leads to significant delays in a response of the MR control system. This is unacceptable, because at the executive level of a control system it is required to provide a "hard" real-time mode.

   RESULTS. The article presents the results of experiments showing the conditions for applying the differential method for determining a shape of an obstacle, the source of anomalous signal values is identified and a method for minimizing them is proposed. A method for increasing the practical use range of a nonlinear IR sensor conversion function is also proposed.

   CONCLUSION. The number and magnitude of abnormal values depend on a communication channel length. When using analog sensors, it is necessary to convert an output signal into digital form using analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) in an integrated design, structurally bringing the ADC as close as possible to the signal source.